{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:18:42Z","timestamp":1791001122572,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Locomotive syndrome (LS) refers to a condition where individuals face challenges in performing activities of daily living. Early detection of such deterioration is crucial to reduce the need for nursing care. The Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale (GLFS-25), a 25-question assessment, has been proposed for categorizing individuals into different stages of LS. However, its subjectivity has prompted interest in technology-based quantitative assessments. In this study, we utilized machine learning and an instrumented five-time sit-to-stand test (FTSTS) to assess LS stages. Younger and older participants were recruited, with older individuals classified into LS stages 0\u20132 based on their GLFS-25 scores. Equipped with a single inertial measurement unit at the pelvis level, participants performed the FTSTS. Using acceleration data, 144 features were extracted, and seven distinct machine learning models were developed using the features. Remarkably, the multilayer perceptron (MLP) model demonstrated superior performance. Following data augmentation and principal component analysis (PCA), the MLP+PCA model achieved an accuracy of 0.9, a precision of 0.92, a recall of 0.9, and an F1 score of 0.91. This underscores the efficacy of the approach for LS assessment. This study lays the foundation for the future development of a remote LS assessment system using commonplace devices like smartphones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24237727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T06:38:25Z","timestamp":1733294305000},"page":"7727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Assessing Locomotive Syndrome Through Instrumented Five-Time Sit-to-Stand Test and Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1714-333X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iman","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8324-3870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Ghahramani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human-Centred Technology Research Centre, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-007-1202-6","article-title":"A \u201csuper-aged\u201d society and the \u201clocomotive syndrome\u201d","volume":"13","author":"Nakamura","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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