{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T18:32:14Z","timestamp":1780684334115,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pantograph-based electrical current transmission systems are used in electric traction vehicles. The contact surface between the pantograph and the catenary wire experiences mechanical and thermal effects during the train\u2019s movement. Typically, this contact surface on the pantograph is covered by a segmented carbon or copper rod, attached to an aluminum base. Railways implement organizational measures for pantograph condition monitoring, based on scheduled inspections. Constitutionally, the option to replace contact elements or individual segments of the pantograph exists if wear is detected. Many scientific publications describe ideas for pantograph visualization and automated condition monitoring. These ideas are based on analyzing mechanical vibrations generated by the pantograph, acoustic vibration signal analysis, 3D geometric data of the pantograph surface captured by laser scanning, and combinations of several methods. However, in these publications, mechanical vibration analysis is limited to signal shape and spectral analysis. The possibility of treating the vibration signal as a random process using statistical methods has not been utilized. This study describes the possibility of evaluating classified mechanical pantograph vibrations using the signal\u2019s autocorrelation transformation. A laboratory experiment confirmed the proposed method for evaluating informative signal classification features. The proposed method can distinguish between signals generated by a defective pantograph surface and identify different types of defects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24237741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T10:07:10Z","timestamp":1733306830000},"page":"7741","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Research on Pantograph Defect Classification Based on Vibration Signals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Vytautas","family":"Gargasas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-51367 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K\u0119stas","family":"Rimkus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-51367 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mindaugas","family":"Alekna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-51367 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrius","family":"Kny\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-51367 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mindaugas","family":"\u017dilys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-51367 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Algimantas","family":"Valinevi\u010dius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-51367 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Brilli, G., Fazio, G., Loiacono, R., Marinelli, M., Meneghello, S., Ricci, S., and Sacerdoti, G. (2005, January 17\u201319). Diagnostic Process of the Pantograph Current-Collector. Proceedings of the 5th WSEAS Int. Conf. on Signal, Speech and Image Processing, Corfu, Greece."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell, C., Palacin, R., and Rosinski, J. (2006, January 29\u201330). Pantograph damage and wear monitoring System. Proceedings of the IET International Conference On Railway Condition Monitoring, Birmingham, UK.","DOI":"10.1049\/ic:20060065"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Sacchi, M., Cagnoni, S., Spagnolettix, D., Ascariz, L., Zunino, G., and Piazzi, A. (2011). PAVISYS: A Computer Vision System for the Inspection of Locomotive Pantographs, Pantograph Catenary Interaction Framework for Intelligent Control."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karakose, E., Tunay, M., and An, G. (2013, January 13\u201316). Analysis Approach for Condition Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis in Pantograph-Catenary System. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference 2013, Manchester, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC.2013.337"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"29","article-title":"Wavelet Transform-Based Approach to Defect Identification in Railway Carbon Contact Strips","volume":"21","author":"Judek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Elektron. Elektrotechnika"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1495","article-title":"Detecting early damages in the railway pantograph mechanism: A multiple excitation approach for the frequency domain, Vehicle System Dynamics","volume":"62","author":"Santamato","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Veh. Mech. Mobil."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, M., Li, H., and Nie, L. (2024). Defect Diagnosis of Rigid Catenary System Based on Pantograph Vibration Performance. Actuators, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/act13050162"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3846\/16484142.2016.1144222","article-title":"Monitoring of current collectors on the railway line","volume":"33","author":"Karwowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transport"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamey LG, C., Watkins, T., and Wong Too Yen, S. (2007, January 3\u20135). Pancam: In-service Inspection of Locomotive Pantographs. Proceedings of the 9th Biennial Conference of the Australian Pattern Recognition Society on Digital Image Computing Techniques and Applications, Glenelg, SA, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/DICTA.2007.4426837"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Stefano, E., Alberto Avizzano, C., MBergamasco Masini, P., Menci, M., and Russo, D. (2017, January 3\u20137). Automatic Inspection of Railway Carbon Strips Based on Multi-Modal Visual Information. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics (AIM) Sheraton Arabella Park Hotel, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/AIM.2017.8014015"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Judek, S., and Jarzebowicz, L. (2014, January 16\u201318). Algorithm for Automatic Wear Estimation of Railway Contact Strips Based on 3D Scanning Results. Proceedings of the International Conference and Exposition on Electrical and Power Engineering (EPE 2014), Iasi, Romania.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEPE.2014.6970004"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, D.Z., Sun, C.L., Liu, X., Wang, Z.K., and Li, R.Z. (2024). Flow-Induced Vibration Analysis by Simulating a High-Speed Train Pantograph. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14114493"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, G., Gao, G., Wei, W., and Yang, Z. (2019). Diagnosis and Detection of Service Performance of Pantograph and Catenary, The Electrical Contact of the Pantograph-Catenary System, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-6589-8"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"RS Components Ltd. (2024, November 07). Available online: https:\/\/uk.rs-online.com\/web\/p\/vibration-sensors\/2777920."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/23\/7741\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:46:13Z","timestamp":1760114773000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/23\/7741"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s24237741"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24237741","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]}}}