{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T02:34:22Z","timestamp":1783132462225,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP)","award":["ECS00000041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECS00000041"]}]},{"name":"National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP)","award":["0001057.23-06-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0001057.23-06-2022"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["ECS00000041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECS00000041"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["0001057.23-06-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0001057.23-06-2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The volitional control of powered assistive devices is commonly performed by mapping the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the lower limb to joints\u2019 angular kinematics, which are then used as the input for regulation. However, during walking, the ground reaction force (GRF) plays a central role in the modulation of the gait, providing dynamic stability and propulsion during the stance phase. Including this information within the control loop of prosthetic devices can improve the quality of the final output, providing more physiological walking dynamics that enhances the usability and patient comfort. In this work, we explored the feasibility of the estimation of the ground reaction force vertical component (VGRF) by using only the EMG activities of the thigh and shank muscles. We compared two deep learning models in three experiments that involved different muscular configurations. Overall, the outcomes show that the EMG signals could be leveraged to obtain a reliable estimation of the VGRF during walking, and the shank muscles alone represent a viable solution if a reduced recording setup is needed. On the other hand, the thigh muscles failed in providing performance enhancements, either when used alone or together with the shank muscles. The results outline the feasibility of including GRF information within an EMG-driven control scheme for prosthetic and assistive devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24237768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T10:07:10Z","timestamp":1733306830000},"page":"7768","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Myoelectric-Based Estimation of Vertical Ground Reaction Force During Unconstrained Walking by a Stacked One-Dimensional Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6087-6763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Mengarelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1600-2137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Tigrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2060-6942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mara","family":"Scattolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3929-084X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rami","family":"Mobarak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9474-7046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Burattini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7783-3065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandro","family":"Fioretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4252-3224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Verdini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1080\/03091902.2021.1936237","article-title":"Developments in the human machine interface technologies and their applications: A review","volume":"45","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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