{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T04:30:41Z","timestamp":1789619441654,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2339495"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2339495"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2334134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2334134"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"James and Kathleen Cornelius Endowment","award":["2339495"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2339495"]}]},{"name":"James and Kathleen Cornelius Endowment","award":["2334134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2334134"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Freezing of gait (FOG) is a disabling yet poorly understood paroxysmal gait disorder affecting the vast majority of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) as they reach advanced stages of the disorder. Falling is one of the most disabling consequences of a FOG episode; it often results in injury and a future fear of falling, leading to diminished social engagement, a reduction in general fitness, loss of independence, and degradation of overall quality of life. Currently, there is no robust or reliable treatment against FOG in PD. In the absence of reliable and effective treatment for Parkinson\u2019s disease, alleviating the consequences of FOG represents an unmet clinical need, with the first step being reliable FOG prediction. Current methods for FOG prediction and prevention cannot provide real-time readouts and are not sensitive enough to detect changes in walking patterns or balance. To fill this gap, we developed an sEMG system consisting of a soft, wearable garment (pair of shorts and two calf sleeves) embedded with screen-printed electrodes and stretchable traces capable of picking up and recording the electromyography activities from lower limb muscles. Here, we report on the testing of these garments in healthy individuals and in patients with PD FOG. The preliminary testing produced an initial time-to-onset commencement that persisted &gt; 3 s across all patients, resulting in a nearly 3-fold drop in sEMG activity. We believe that these initial studies serve as a solid foundation for further development of smart digital textiles with integrated bio and chemical sensors that will provide AI-enabled, medically oriented data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24237853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T11:16:48Z","timestamp":1733743008000},"page":"7853","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Wearable Surface Electromyography System to Predict Freeze of Gait in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5218-7204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Moore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinxing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1011-8278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher H.","family":"Contag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Genetics and Immunology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke J.","family":"Currano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD 20723, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4712-5700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Connor O.","family":"Pyles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD 20723, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Hinkle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ohio Health Riverside Methodist Hospital, Columbus, OH 43214, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivek Shinde","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EXOForce Robotics, Arlington, VA 22209, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-022-00410-y","article-title":"Incidence of Parkinson disease in North America","volume":"8","author":"Willis","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870120307","article-title":"Freezing phenomenon in patients with parkinsonian syndromes","volume":"12","author":"Giladi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mov. 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