{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T23:11:29Z","timestamp":1773270689116,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,14]],"date-time":"2024-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Lab of Human Performance","award":["11DZ2261100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11DZ2261100"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Key Lab of Human Performance","award":["RA0017195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RA0017195"]}]},{"name":"Babolat vs. (Lyon, France)","award":["11DZ2261100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11DZ2261100"]}]},{"name":"Babolat vs. (Lyon, France)","award":["RA0017195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RA0017195"]}]},{"name":"European FEDER","award":["11DZ2261100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11DZ2261100"]}]},{"name":"European FEDER","award":["RA0017195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RA0017195"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated muscle activation, shocks, and vibrations of the upper extremities during tennis serves between junior and adult tennis players. Thirty-five well-trained tennis players (15 juniors and 20 adults) performed 10 maximal successful tennis serves. Two triaxial accelerometers recorded the shock and vibration on the racket and the hand on the dominant side. Eight surface EMG electrodes were also used to measure the arm muscles\u2019 activities. Linear mixed models were used to test the fixed effect of age on muscular activation and vibration. Statistical non-Parametric Mapping was employed to make statistical inferences on the EMG and accelerometer data obtained from the continuous wavelet transform. Comparing EMG parameters between junior and adult players reveals similar upper limb intermuscular coordination. The junior players experienced lower racket and hand vibration amplitudes, which were partially explained by a lower ball velocity. This study revealed that young players showed no difference in EMG parameters in the tennis serve but were as exposed to shocks and vibrations as adults when compared based on a given speed and a given handgrip force. These vibrations apply to an immature skeleton, which can increase the risk of injuries caused by overuse. In addition, differences in the racket vibration frequency provide original knowledge to engineers who need to develop innovative sports equipment for tennis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24247999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T03:46:02Z","timestamp":1734407162000},"page":"7999","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Are Junior Tennis Players Less Exposed to Shocks and Vibrations than Adults? A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Tom","family":"Le Solliec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, UCBL1 Laboratoire Inter Universitaire de Biologie de la Motricit\u00e9, EA 7424, 69100 Villeurbanne Cedex, France"},{"name":"Babolat VS, 69009 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9845-2456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christophe","family":"Hautier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, UCBL1 Laboratoire Inter Universitaire de Biologie de la Motricit\u00e9, EA 7424, 69100 Villeurbanne Cedex, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5370-643X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robin","family":"Gassier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, UCBL1 Laboratoire Inter Universitaire de Biologie de la Motricit\u00e9, EA 7424, 69100 Villeurbanne Cedex, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6807-0505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robin","family":"Trama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benoit","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Babolat VS, 69009 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingshan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, UCBL1 Laboratoire Inter Universitaire de Biologie de la Motricit\u00e9, EA 7424, 69100 Villeurbanne Cedex, France"},{"name":"School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738119880862","article-title":"The Musculoskeletal Health Benefits of Tennis","volume":"12","author":"Jackson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2006.034967","article-title":"Health benefits of tennis","volume":"41","author":"Pluim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. 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