{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:07:18Z","timestamp":1787029638798,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R43AG078063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R43AG078063"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01AG057708"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG057708"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Aging","award":["R43AG078063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R43AG078063"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Aging","award":["R01AG057708"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG057708"]}]},{"name":"Wear Tech Center","award":["R43AG078063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R43AG078063"]}]},{"name":"Wear Tech Center","award":["R01AG057708"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG057708"]}]},{"name":"Partnership for Economic Innovation","award":["R43AG078063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R43AG078063"]}]},{"name":"Partnership for Economic Innovation","award":["R01AG057708"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG057708"]}]},{"name":"Arizona Commerce Authority","award":["R43AG078063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R43AG078063"]}]},{"name":"Arizona Commerce Authority","award":["R01AG057708"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG057708"]}]},{"name":"Palumbo Charitable Thrust","award":["R43AG078063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R43AG078063"]}]},{"name":"Palumbo Charitable Thrust","award":["R01AG057708"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG057708"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) and Alzheimer\u2019s Related Dementias (ADRD) are projected to affect 50 million people globally in the coming decades. Clinical research suggests that Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), a precursor to dementia, offers a critical window of opportunity for lifestyle interventions to delay or prevent the progression of AD\/ADRD. Previous research indicates that lifestyle changes, including increased physical exercise, reduced caloric intake, and mentally stimulating activities, can reduce the risk of MCI. Early detection of MCI is challenging due to subtle and often unnoticed cognitive decline and is traditionally monitored through infrequent clinical tests. In this research, the Smart Driving System, a novel, unobtrusive, and economical technology to detect early stages of neurodegenerative diseases, is presented. The system comprises a multi-modal biosensing array (MMS) and AI algorithms, including driving performance and driver\u2019s biometrics, offering insights into a driver\u2019s cognitive function. This publication is the first work reported towards the ultimate goal of developing the Smart Driving Device and App, integrating it into vehicles, and validating its effectiveness in detecting MCI through comprehensive pilot studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24248062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T09:43:03Z","timestamp":1734514983000},"page":"8062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Smart Driving Technology for Non-Invasive Detection of Age-Related Cognitive Decline"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Serhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA"},{"name":"Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA"},{"name":"ASU-Mayo Clinic Medical Devices and Methods Laboratory, Health Futures Center, Arizona State University, 6161 E. Mayo Blvd., Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1922-6280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaun","family":"Victor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Osorio Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA"},{"name":"School of Engineering for Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Abi Karam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA"},{"name":"ASU-Mayo Clinic Medical Devices and Methods Laboratory, Health Futures Center, Arizona State University, 6161 E. Mayo Blvd., Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Elghoul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA"},{"name":"ASU-Mayo Clinic Medical Devices and Methods Laboratory, Health Futures Center, Arizona State University, 6161 E. Mayo Blvd., Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6974-8991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madison","family":"Ransdell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Firas","family":"Al-Hindawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonas","family":"Geda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barrow Neurological Institute, 2910 N 3rd Ave, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geetika","family":"Chahal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barrow Neurological Institute, 2910 N 3rd Ave, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Eagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barrow Neurological Institute, 2910 N 3rd Ave, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Tsow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA"},{"name":"TF Health Corporation (d.b.a. Breezing Co.), Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Forzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA"},{"name":"ASU-Mayo Clinic Medical Devices and Methods Laboratory, Health Futures Center, Arizona State University, 6161 E. Mayo Blvd., Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA"},{"name":"School of Engineering for Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"208","article-title":"Drugs for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Are they effective?","volume":"35","author":"Casey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharm. 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