{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:32:47Z","timestamp":1791498767610,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"NWO\/HTSM program in the context of the project: Unobtrusive Monitoring of Sleep Apnea, UMOSA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Continuous respiration monitoring is an important tool in assessing the patient\u2019s health and diagnosing pulmonary, cardiovascular, and sleep-related breathing disorders. Various techniques and devices, both contact and contactless, can be used to monitor respiration. Each of these techniques can provide different types of information with varying accuracy. Thermal cameras have become a focal point in research due to their contactless nature, affordability, and the type of data they provide, i.e., information on respiration motion and respiration flow. Several studies have demonstrated the feasibility of this technology and developed robust algorithms to extract important information from thermal camera videos. This paper describes the current state-of-the-art in respiration monitoring using thermal cameras, dividing the system into acquiring data, defining and tracking the region of interest, and extracting the breathing signal and respiration rate. The approaches taken to address the various challenges, the limitations of these methods, and possible applications are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24248118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T08:04:14Z","timestamp":1734595454000},"page":"8118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Thermal Cameras for Continuous and Contactless Respiration Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0145-6232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Centre for Sleep Medicine Kempenhaeghe, 5590 AB Heeze, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5486-9663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fokke","family":"van Meulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Centre for Sleep Medicine Kempenhaeghe, 5590 AB Heeze, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6445-9836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastiaan","family":"Overeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Centre for Sleep Medicine Kempenhaeghe, 5590 AB Heeze, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svitlana","family":"Zinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sleep Medicine Kempenhaeghe, 5590 AB Heeze, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2518-6847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sander","family":"Stuijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sleep Medicine Kempenhaeghe, 5590 AB Heeze, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2003.11.009","article-title":"Neonatal cardiorespiratory monitoring techniques","volume":"Volume 9","year":"2004","journal-title":"Seminars in Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1983.tb02156.x","article-title":"Respiration, stress, and cardiovascular function","volume":"20","author":"Grossman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"West, J.B. 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