{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T07:32:19Z","timestamp":1769326339902,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Forestry Advisory Board of the Ministry of Agriculture","award":["277-0409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["277-0409"]}]},{"name":"Forestry Advisory Board of the Ministry of Agriculture","award":["458-0574"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["458-0574"]}]},{"name":"Forestry Advisory Board of the Ministry of Agriculture","award":["20-03-006-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-03-006-16"]}]},{"name":"Office of the Chief Scientist of the Ministry of Agriculture","award":["277-0409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["277-0409"]}]},{"name":"Office of the Chief Scientist of the Ministry of Agriculture","award":["458-0574"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["458-0574"]}]},{"name":"Office of the Chief Scientist of the Ministry of Agriculture","award":["20-03-006-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-03-006-16"]}]},{"name":"Keren Kayemeth LeIsrael\u2014Jewish National Fund, KKL\u2013JNF","award":["277-0409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["277-0409"]}]},{"name":"Keren Kayemeth LeIsrael\u2014Jewish National Fund, KKL\u2013JNF","award":["458-0574"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["458-0574"]}]},{"name":"Keren Kayemeth LeIsrael\u2014Jewish National Fund, KKL\u2013JNF","award":["20-03-006-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-03-006-16"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acoustic monitoring facilitates the detailed study of herbivore grazing by generating a timeline of sound bursts associated with jaw movements (JMs) that perform bite or chew actions. The unclassified stream of JM events was used here in an observational study to explore the notion of \u201cgrazing time\u201d. Working with shepherded goat herds in a wooded landscape, a horn-based acoustic sensor with a vibration-type microphone was deployed on a volunteer animal along each of 12 foraging routes. The software-generated timeline of unclassified JMs contained a total of 334,582 events. After excluding rumination bouts, minutely JM rates showed a broad, non-normal distribution, with an overall mean of 61 JM min\u22121. The frequency distribution of inter-JM interval values scaled logarithmically, with a peak in the region of 0.43 s representing a baseline interval that generates the unconstrained, more-or-less regular, rhythm of jaw movement (\u2248140 JM min\u22121). This rhythm was punctuated by interruptions, for which duration scaled logarithmically, and which were primarily related to the search phase of the intake process. The empirical time accumulation curve shows the contribution of the inter-JM interval to the total foraging time and provides a penetrating profile of how the animal interacted with the foraging environment. The sum total of time along a foraging route spent at a near-potential JM rate was only \u22481 h, whereas sub-potential rates containing intervals as long as \u224830 s accounted for the bulk of the foraging route. The dimensionless behavioral grazing intensity was defined as the product of the number of ingestive JMs performed and the baseline interval, divided by the duration of the foraging route (excluding rumination). Values were mostly &lt;0.5 for the foraging routes examined. This has implications for how animal presence should be translated to grazing pressure and for how long animals need to forage to meet their nutritional requirements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25010008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T09:48:58Z","timestamp":1735033738000},"page":"8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["What Is Grazing Time? Insights from the Acoustic Signature of Goat Jaw Activity in Wooded Landscapes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2165-5267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugene David","family":"Ungar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resources, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4297-5264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reuven","family":"Horn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rangeland Service, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, P.O. Box 30, Rishon LeZion 5025001, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1051\/animres:2003013","article-title":"Spatial heterogeneity and grazing processes","volume":"52","author":"Parsons","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Briske, D. (2017). Heterogeneity as the basis for rangeland management. 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