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To enable robust detection of tremor in the context of limited amounts of labeled training data, we propose to use prototypical networks, which can embed domain expertise about the heterogeneous tremor and non-tremor sub-classes. We evaluated our approach using data from the Parkinson@Home Validation study, including 8 PD patients with tremor, 16 PD patients without tremor, and 24 age-matched controls. We used wrist accelerometer data and synchronous expert video annotations for the presence of tremor, captured during unscripted daily life activities in and around the participants\u2019 own homes. Based on leave-one-subject-out cross-validation, we demonstrate the ability of prototypical networks to capture free-living tremor episodes. Specifically, we demonstrate that prototypical networks can be used to enforce robust performance across domain-informed sub-classes, including different tremor phenotypes and daily life activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25020366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T11:29:37Z","timestamp":1736422177000},"page":"366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Passive Monitoring of Parkinson Tremor in Daily Life: A Prototypical Network Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8241-5087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luc J. W.","family":"Evers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Institute for Computing and Information Sciences, Radboud University, 6525 EC Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0753-717X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yordan P.","family":"Raykov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG9 2SE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3398-5235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom M.","family":"Heskes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Computing and Information Sciences, Radboud University, 6525 EC Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3435-6358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesse H.","family":"Krijthe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pattern Recognition & Bioinformatics Group, Delft University of Technology, 2628 XE Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bastiaan R.","family":"Bloem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max A.","family":"Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30499-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"18","author":"Feigin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-015-1357-9","article-title":"Wearable pendant device monitoring using new wavelet-based methods shows daily life and laboratory gaits are different","volume":"54","author":"Brodie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. 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