{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:36:12Z","timestamp":1759970172800,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Project of Ministry of Science and Technology of China","award":["2021YFB3900103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB3900103"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of China","award":["2021YFB3900103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB3900103"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>All-sky 1 km land surface temperature (LST) data are urgently needed. Two widely applied approaches to derive such LST data are merging thermal infrared remote sensing (TIR)\u2013passive microwave remote sensing (PMW) observations and merging TIR reanalysis data. However, as only the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is adopted as the TIR source for merging, current 1 km all-sky LST products are limited to the MODIS observation time. Therefore, a gap still remains in terms of all-sky LST data with a higher temporal resolution or at other times (e.g., dawn\u2013dusk time). Under this background, this study merged the observations of the Medium Resolution Spectrum Imager (MERSI-LL) on board the dusk\u2013dawn-orbit Fengyun (FY)-3E satellite and Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) data to estimate dawn\u2013dusk 1 km all-sky LST using a random forest-based method (RFRTM). The results showed that the model had good robustness, with an STD of 0.62\u20130.86 K of the RFRTM LST, compared with the original MERSI-LL LST. Validation against in situ LST showed that the estimated LST had an accuracy of 1.34\u20133.71 K under all-sky conditions. In addition, compared with the dawn\u2013dusk LST merged from MERSI-LL and the Special Sensor Microwave Imager\/Sounder (SSMI\/S), the RFRTM LST showed better performance in accuracy and image quality. This study\u2019s findings are beneficial for filling the gap in all-sky LST at high spatiotemporal resolutions for associated applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25020508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T12:27:54Z","timestamp":1737030474000},"page":"508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Estimation of 1 km Dawn\u2013Dusk All-Sky Land Surface Temperature Using a Random Forest-Based Reanalysis and Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing Data Merging (RFRTM) Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Yaohai","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Committee of Science and Technology, Shanghai Academy of Space Technology, Shanghai 201109, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Spaceflight Institute of TT&C and Telecommunication, Shanghai 201109, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3020-8676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiuqing","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Radiometric Calibration and Validation for Environmental Satellites (KLRCV), National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FengYun Meteorological Satellite Innovation Center, National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Spaceflight Institute of TT&C and Telecommunication, Shanghai 201109, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hulley, G.C., and Ghent, D.B.T.-T. 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