{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T06:50:21Z","timestamp":1771051821191,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mobility is essential for individuals with physical disabilities, and wheelchairs significantly enhance their quality of life. Recent advancements focus on developing sophisticated control systems for effective and efficient interaction. This study evaluates the usability and performance of three wheelchair control modes manual, automatic, and voice controlled using a virtual reality (VR) simulation tool. VR provides a controlled and repeatable environment to assess navigation performance and motion sickness across three scenarios: supermarket, museum, and city. Twenty participants completed nine tests each, resulting in 180 trials. Findings revealed significant differences in navigation efficiency, distance, and collision rates across control modes and scenarios. Automatic control consistently achieved faster navigation times and fewer collisions, particularly in the supermarket. Manual control offered precision but required greater user effort. Voice control, while intuitive, resulted in longer distances traveled and higher collision rates in complex scenarios like the city. Motion sickness levels varied across scenarios, with higher discomfort reported in the city during voice and automatic control. Participant feedback, gathered via a Likert scale questionnaire, highlighted the potential of VR simulation for evaluating user comfort and performance. This research underscores the advantages of VR-based testing for rapid prototyping and user-centered design, offering valuable insights into improving wheelchair control systems. Future work will explore adaptive algorithms to enhance usability and accessibility in real world applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25020530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T11:24:56Z","timestamp":1737113096000},"page":"530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Comparison of Manual, Automatic, and Voice Control in Wheelchair Navigation Simulation in Virtual Environments: Performance Evaluation of User and Motion Sickness"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0052-1015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique Antonio","family":"Pedroza-Santiago","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Aplicada y Tecnolog\u00eda (InIAT), Universidad Iberoamericana, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico C.P. 01376, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8476-163X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Emilio","family":"Quiroz-Ibarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Aplicada y Tecnolog\u00eda (InIAT), Universidad Iberoamericana, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico C.P. 01376, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9986-0611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik Ren\u00e9","family":"Bojorges-Valdez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Estudios en Ingenier\u00eda para la Innovaci\u00f3n (DEII), Universidad Iberoamericana, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico C.P. 01376, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1389-2074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Padilla-Casta\u00f1eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnolog\u00eda (ICAT), Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico C.P. 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechatronics.2019.03.005","article-title":"Motion control of joystick interfaced electric wheelchair for improvement of safety and riding comfort","volume":"59","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mechatronics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2017.01.224","article-title":"Design and performance evaluation of 4 wheeled omni wheelchair with reduced slip and vibration","volume":"105","author":"Kundu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. 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