{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T15:45:00Z","timestamp":1778600700136,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["1R43NS129419-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R43NS129419-01"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["K25 AI155224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K25 AI155224"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) successfully treats ischemic strokes by extracting the thrombus, or clot, using a stent retriever to pull it through the blood vessel. However, clot slippage and\/or fragmentation can occur. Real-time feedback to a clinician about attachment between the stent and clot could enable more complete removal. We propose a system whereby antibody-targeted magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) are injected via a microcatheter to coat the clot, oscillating magnetic fields excite the particles, and a small coil attached to the catheter picks up a signal that determines the proximity of the clot to the stent. (2) Methods: We used existing simulation code to model the signal from NPs distributed on a hemispherical clot with three orthogonally applied magnetic fields. An in vitro apparatus was built that applied fields and read out signals from a 1.5 mm pickup coil at a variable distance and orientation angle from a sample of 100 nm iron oxide core\/shell NPs. (3) Results: Our simulations suggest that the sum of the voltages induced in the pickup coil from three orthogonal applied fields could localize a clot to within 180 \u00b5m, regardless of the exact orientation of the pickup coil, with further precision added via rotation-correction formulae. Our experimental system validated simulations; we estimated an in vitro distance recovery precision of 41 \u00b5m with a pickup coil 1 mm from the clot. (4) Conclusions: Magnetic NP sensing could be a safe and real-time method to estimate whether a clot is attached to the stent retriever during MT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25030672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T09:01:13Z","timestamp":1737622873000},"page":"672","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Improving Stroke Treatment Using Magnetic Nanoparticle Sensors to Monitor Brain Thrombus Extraction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Dhrubo","family":"Jyoti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LCD Nanotech, Hanover, NH 03755, USA"},{"name":"Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5684-9538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Reeves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fred Hutch Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Gordon-Wylie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LCD Nanotech, Hanover, NH 03755, USA"},{"name":"Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA"},{"name":"Flow Aluminum, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9666-5848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clifford","family":"Eskey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Dartmouth Health, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0054-2486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LCD Nanotech, Hanover, NH 03755, USA"},{"name":"Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Dartmouth Health, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e93","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001123","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20142023 update: A report from the American Heart Association","volume":"147","author":"Tsao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.06.102","article-title":"Dawn of an Even Newer Era: Mechanical Thrombectomy for Acute Ischemic Stroke Beyond 6 to 8 Hours","volume":"104","author":"Griessenauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.1743","article-title":"Endovascular Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke: Dawn of a New Era","volume":"72","author":"Alberts","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1706442","article-title":"Thrombectomy 6 to 24 Hours after Stroke with a Mismatch between Deficit and Infarct","volume":"378","author":"Nogueira","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. 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