{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:22:17Z","timestamp":1791231737234,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP)","award":["PE0000001 - program \u201cRESTART\u201d"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE0000001 - program \u201cRESTART\u201d"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Quantum Internet (QI) necessitates a complete revision of the classical protocol stack and the technologies used, whereas its operating principles depend on the physical laws governing quantum mechanics. Recent experiments demonstrate that Optical Fibers (OFs) allow connections only in urban areas. Therefore, a novel Quantum Satellite Backbone (QSB) composed of a considerable number of Quantum Satellite Repeaters (QSRs) deployed in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) would allow for the overcoming of typical OFs\u2019 attenuation problems. Nevertheless, the dynamic nature of the scenario represents a challenge for novel satellite networks, making their design and management complicated. Therefore, we have designed an ad hoc QSB considering the interaction between Digital Twin (DT) and Software-Defined Networking (SDN). In addition to defining the system architecture, we present a DT monitoring protocol that allows efficient status recovery for the creation of multiple End-to-End (E2E) entanglement states. Moreover, we have evaluated the system performance by assessing the path monitoring and configuration time, the time required to establish the E2E entanglement, and the fidelity between a couple of Ground Stations (GSs) interconnected through the QSB, also conducting a deep analysis of the created temporal paths.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25030889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T05:13:43Z","timestamp":1738646023000},"page":"889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Towards Digital-Twin Assisted Software-Defined Quantum Satellite Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0267-4733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Chiti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0009-8154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Pecorella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2532-854X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Picchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6271-7988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Pierucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Rahman, A., Li, R., Aelmans, M., and Chakraborty, K. 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