{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T20:37:40Z","timestamp":1780432660175,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The human manual order-picking process in the warehouse is still the leading method despite increasing automation. This manual process is supported by indicating and receipt systems to reduce the order-picking time and the number of errors. Many studies in the literature compare the Pick-by-Light system with the Pick-by-Paper and other systems, and it is more challenging to study the Pick-by-Point system. This paper presents the results of laboratory comparative studies of the most straightforward Pick-by-Paper system with Pick-by-Light and Pick-by-Point systems supported by receipt systems. In the case of the Pick-by-Light system, the receipt system is a button on the module that the picker presses to confirm the pick-up of an item. In the case of Pick-by-Point, the receipt system is a wrist scanner that the picker uses to confirm the pick-up of an item. A total of 71 people participated in the study. Participants completed five orders with five items per system. Comparisons were made of the time it took to pick the orders with the support of these systems, the number of errors made, ergonomics, and the speed of adaptation for new employees without experience. A person with nine years of experience in the picking process took part in the study, whose order-picking times were compared with those of the others. In the study, the Pick-by-Light system proved to be the fastest regarding order picking and the adaptation of new employees. On the other hand, the Pick-by-Point system was the most error-proof.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25030923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T05:13:43Z","timestamp":1738646023000},"page":"923","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparative Study of Selected Order-Picking Methods: Efficiency, Ergonomics, and Adaptation Rate of New Employees"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4325-2665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"\u0141opuszy\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, ul. Janiszewskiego 11\/17, 50-372 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamil","family":"Janusz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, ul. Janiszewskiego 11\/17, 50-372 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawid","family":"Karwat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, ul. Janiszewskiego 11\/17, 50-372 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Garbacz, M., and \u0141opuszy\u0144ski, M. Optimization of order picking in warehouse (Part 1). Logistyka, 6, 628\u2013636."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"637","article-title":"Optimization of order picking in warehouse (Part 2)","volume":"6","author":"Garbacz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Logistyka"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6350","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2021.1991022","article-title":"Determining the source of human-system errors in manual order picking with respect to human factors","volume":"60","author":"Setayesh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"2191115","article-title":"Trends in order picking: A 2007\u20132022 review of the literature","volume":"11","author":"Casella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prod. Manuf. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3446","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2020.1853845","article-title":"Assistive devices for manual materials handling in warehouses: A systematic literature review","volume":"59","author":"Glock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2018.08.023","article-title":"Warehousing in the e-commerce era: A survey","volume":"277","author":"Boysen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2020.04.078","article-title":"The Effect of Pick-by-Light-Systems on Situation Awareness in Order Picking Activitie","volume":"45","author":"Stockinger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baechler, A., Baechler, L., Autenrieth, S., Kurtz, P., Hoerz, T., Heidenreich, T., and Kruell, G. (2016, January 5\u20138). A Comparative Study of an Assistance System for Manual Order Picking\u2013Called Pick-by-Projection\u2013with the Guiding Systems Pick-by-Paper, Pick-by-Light and Pick-by-Display. Proceedings of the 2016 49th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS), Koloa, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2016.72"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Anhong, G., Raghu, S., Xie, X., Ismail, S., Luo, X., Simoneau, J., Gillil, S., Baumann, H., Southern, C., and Starner, T. (2014). A comparison of order picking assisted by head-up display (HUD), cart-mounted display (CMD), light, and paper pick list. Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers, ISWC \u201914, Seattle, WA, USA, 13\u201317 September 2014, Association for Computing Machinery."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trojanowska, J., Hus\u00e1r, J., Hrehova, S., and Knap\u010d\u00edkov\u00e1, L. (2023). Poka Yoke in Smart Production Systems with Pick-to-Light Implementation to Increase Efficiency. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202305.1829.v1"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, X., Haynes, M., Zhang, Y., Jiang, Z., Shen, Z., Guo, A., Starner, T., and Gilliland, S. (2015, January 7\u201311). Comparing order picking assisted by head-up display versus Pick-by-Light with explicit pick confirmation. Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers, Osaka, Japan.","DOI":"10.1145\/2802083.2808408"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1695","article-title":"An empirical task analysis of warehouse order picking using head-mounted displays","volume":"Volume 10","author":"Weaver","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Atlanta, GA, USA, 10\u201315 April 2010"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Murauer, C.S. (2019). Full Shift Usage of Smart Glasses in Order Picking Processes Considering a Methodical Approach of Continuous User Involvement. [Ph.D. Thesis, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin]."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_14.1","unstructured":"Scheuermann, C., Heinz, F., Bruegge, B., and Verclas, S. (2017). Real-Time Support During a Logistic Process Using Smart Gloves. Proceedings of the Smart SysTech 2017"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_14.2","unstructured":"European Conference on Smart Objects, Systems and Technologies, Munich, Germany, 20-21 June 2017, VDE. Available online: https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/8084558."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1108\/IMDS-07-2018-0287","article-title":"Kit preparation for mixed-model assembly: Efficiency impact of confirmation methods","volume":"119","author":"Fager","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Manag. Data Syst."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas, C., Heinz, F., Panagiotopoulos, T., Kotipalli, P., Haynes, M., and Starner, T. (2018). RF-pick: Comparing order picking using a HUD with wearable RFID verification to traditional pick methods. Proceedings of the 2018 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers, Singapore, 8\u201312 October 2018, Association for Computing Machinery.","DOI":"10.1145\/3267242.3267290"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"175","article-title":"Effeciency of selected methods of compleition process on the basis of Luca Logistic Solution systems. Proceedings of Forum Student\u00f3w Transportu i Logistyki","volume":"4","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. TransLogistics"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Funk, M., Shirazi, A.S., Mayer, S., Lischke, L., and Schmidt, A. (2015). Pick from here! An interactive mobile cart using in-situ projection for order picking. Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing, Osaka, Japan, 7\u201311 September 2015, Association for Computing Machinery.","DOI":"10.1145\/2750858.2804268"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/3\/923\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:26:23Z","timestamp":1760027183000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/3\/923"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s25030923"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s25030923","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]}}}