{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T19:21:30Z","timestamp":1791832890052,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The assessment of running kinematics is essential for injury prevention and rehabilitation, including anterior cruciate ligament sprains. Recent advances in computer vision have enabled the development of tools for quantifying kinematics in research and clinical settings. This study evaluated the accuracy of an OpenPifPaf-based markerless method for assessing sagittal plane kinematics of the ankle, knee, and hip during treadmill running using smartphone video footage and examined the impact of clothing on the results. Thirty healthy participants ran at 2.5 and 3.6 m\/s under two conditions: (1) wearing minimal clothing with markers to record kinematics by using both a smartphone and a marker-based system, and (2) wearing usual running clothes and recording kinematics by only using a smartphone. Joint angles, averaged over 20 cycles, were analysed using SPM1D and RMSE. The markerless method produced kinematic waveforms closely matching the marker-based results, with RMSEs of 5.6\u00b0 (hip), 3.5\u00b0 (ankle), and 2.9\u00b0 (knee), despite some significant differences identified by SPM1D. Clothing had minimal impact, with RMSEs under 2.8\u00b0 for all joints. These findings highlight the potential of the OpenPifPaf-based markerless method as an accessible, simple, and reliable tool for assessing running kinematics, even in natural attire, for research and clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25030934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T05:55:22Z","timestamp":1738648522000},"page":"934","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Impact of Running Clothes on Accuracy of Smartphone-Based 2D Joint Kinematic Assessment During Treadmill Running Using OpenPifPaf"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7603-1853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Lambricht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9021-7806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Englebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Electronic and Applied Mathematics, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6473-1780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anh Phong","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Fisette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Pitance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Service de Stomatologie et de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0776-3820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Detrembleur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2017.03.005","article-title":"Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity","volume":"60","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. 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