{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T15:42:04Z","timestamp":1791214924623,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP 23K16600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP 23K16600"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Orthostatic hypotension can occur during acute spinal cord injury (SCI) and subsequently persist. We investigated whether a gait rehabilitation robot combined with functional electrical stimulation (FES) stabilizes hemodynamics during orthostatic stress in SCI. Methods: Six intermediate-phase SCI patients (five males and one female; mean age: 49.5 years; four with quadriplegia and two with paraplegia) participated. The participants underwent robotic training (RT), with a gait rehabilitation robot combined with FES, and tilt table training (TT). Hemodynamics were monitored using a laser Doppler flowmeter for the earlobe blood flow (EBF) and non-invasive blood pressure measurements. The EBF over time and the resting and exercise blood pressures were compared between each session. Adverse events were also evaluated. Results: The EBF change decreased in TT but increased in RT at the 0.5-min slope (p = 0.03). Similarly, the pulse rate change increased in TT but decreased in RT at the 1-min slope (p = 0.03). Systolic and mean blood pressures were slightly higher in RT than in TT but not significantly (p = 0.35; 0.40). No adverse events occurred in RT, but two TT sessions were incomplete due to dizziness. Conclusions: RT with FES can reduce symptoms during orthostatic stress in intermediate-phase SCI. Future studies require a larger number of cases to generalize this study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25030984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T11:32:32Z","timestamp":1738841552000},"page":"984","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of Gait Rehabilitation Robot Combined with Electrical Stimulation on Spinal Cord Injury Patients\u2019 Blood Pressure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2666-4908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takahiro","family":"Sato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4855-3283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryota","family":"Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7008-675X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuji","family":"Kasukawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Akita University Hospital, 44-2, Hiroomote Hasunuma, Akita 010-8543, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8626-1057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Kudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Akita University Hospital, 44-2, Hiroomote Hasunuma, Akita 010-8543, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazutoshi","family":"Hatakeyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Akita University Hospital, 44-2, Hiroomote Hasunuma, Akita 010-8543, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motoyuki","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Akita University Hospital, 44-2, Hiroomote Hasunuma, Akita 010-8543, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Akita University Hospital, 44-2, Hiroomote Hasunuma, Akita 010-8543, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8224-1294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuki","family":"Okura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Akita University Hospital, 44-2, Hiroomote Hasunuma, Akita 010-8543, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8544-4673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Suda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Akita University Hospital, 44-2, Hiroomote Hasunuma, Akita 010-8543, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daido","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Akita University Hospital, 44-2, Hiroomote Hasunuma, Akita 010-8543, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takehiro","family":"Iwami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Design Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science, Akita University Graduate School of Engineering Science, 1-1 Tegata Gakuen-cho, Akita 010-8502, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5175-3350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naohisa","family":"Miyakoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E398","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003789","article-title":"Clinical Benefit of Rehabilitation Training in Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"46","author":"Duan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-020-00533-0","article-title":"A Nationwide Survey on the Incidence and Characteristics of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in Japan in 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