{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T11:16:20Z","timestamp":1784632580658,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFB2902504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB2902504"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The spatial topology of large-scale low-Earth-orbit satellite communication networks is dynamically time-variant, and the load on the output ports of network nodes is continuously changing. The lengths and numbers of output port queues at each network node can affect the packet loss rate and end-to-end latency of traffic flows. In order to provide high-quality satellite communication services, it is necessary to schedule and optimize the lengths and numbers of queues used for transmitting time-sensitive traffic flows at each node\u2019s output port to achieve the best deterministic transmission performance. This paper introduces a queue scheduling optimization mechanism based on the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (PSO-QSO) for large-scale low-Earth-orbit satellite communication networks. This method analyzes the relevant parameters of various traffic flows transmitted through the network and calculates the maximum time-sensitive business load within network nodes. It applies the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm to calculate the optimal solution for the length and number of queues at each node\u2019s output port used for forwarding time-sensitive traffic flows. The mechanism proposed in this paper ensures the deterministic end-to-end transmission of time sensitive traffic in large-scale low-Earth-orbit satellite communication networks and can provide real-time satellite communication services.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25041069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T05:34:32Z","timestamp":1739252072000},"page":"1069","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Particle Swarm Optimization-Based Queue Scheduling and Optimization Mechanism for Large-Scale Low-Earth-Orbit Satellite Communication Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1115-7441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziyong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space-Ground Integrated Information Technology, Space Star Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9561-4085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space-Ground Integrated Information Technology, Space Star Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0294-3267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space-Ground Integrated Information Technology, Space Star Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3684-0768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space-Ground Integrated Information Technology, Space Star Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0284-6601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zongyi","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space-Ground Integrated Information Technology, Space Star Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8533-1612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6955-2087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2019.1800299","article-title":"Broadband LEO Satellite Communications: Architectures and Key Technologies","volume":"26","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2100800","article-title":"Ultra-Dense LEO Satellite-Based Communication Systems: A Novel Modeling Technique","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18391","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2735988","article-title":"LEO Satellite Constellation for Internet of Things","volume":"5","author":"Qu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7783","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3238771","article-title":"Joint Multi-Task Offloading and Resource Allocation for Mobile Edge Computing Systems in Satellite IoT","volume":"72","author":"Chai","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2019.1800301","article-title":"Ultra-Dense LEO: Integration of Satellite Access Networks into 5G and Beyond","volume":"26","author":"Di","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yong, J., Wen, F., Hu, Z., Fan, F., and Qiu, K. (2022, January 5\u20138). High-Dynamic Transmission Modeling for Laser Inter-Satellite Links (LISLs). Proceedings of the 2022 Asia Communications and Photonics Conference (ACP), Shenzhen, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACP55869.2022.10088564"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, Z., Liu, W., Wu, Q., Li, H., Xu, J., and Wu, J. (2022, January 2\u20135). SpaceRTC: Unleashing the Low-latency Potential of Mega-constellations for Real-Time Communications. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2022\u2014IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM48880.2022.9796887"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2001081","article-title":"LEO Satellite Constellations for 5G and Beyond: How Will They Reshape Vertical Domains?","volume":"59","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Nasrallah, A., Balasubramanian, V., Thyagaturu, A., Reisslein, M., and Elbakoury, H. (2019). Cyclic Queuing and Forwarding for Large Scale Deterministic Networks: A Survey. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"IEEE Standard Association (2018). IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Network-Bridges and Bridged Networks. IEEE Std., 802, 1\u20131993."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, J., Quan, W., Jiang, X., and Sun, Z. (2020, January 6\u20139). Injection Time Planning: Making CQF Practical in Time-Sensitive Networking. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2020\u2014IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM41043.2020.9155434"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Wu, B., Zhang, C., Huang, Y., Huang, T., and Liu, Y. (2021, January 10\u201313). Large-Scale Deterministic IP Networks on CENI. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2021\u2014IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS), Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOMWKSHPS51825.2021.9484627"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2020.10.016","article-title":"Joint routing and scheduling for large-scale deterministic IP networks","volume":"165","author":"Krolikowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badar, A., Lou, D.Z., Graf, U., Barth, C., and Stich, C. (2019, January 21\u201325). Intelligent Edge Control with Deterministic-IP based Industrial Communication in Process Automation. Proceedings of the 2019 15th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM), Halifax, NS, Canada.","DOI":"10.23919\/CNSM46954.2019.9012680"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quan, W., Yan, J., Jiang, X., and Sun, Z. (2020, January 14\u201316). On-line Traffic Scheduling optimization in IEEE 802.1Qch based Time-Sensitive Networks. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 22nd International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications; IEEE 18th International Conference on Smart City; IEEE 6th International Conference on Data Science and Systems (HPCC\/SmartCity\/DSS), Yanuca Island, Cuvu, Fiji.","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCC-SmartCity-DSS50907.2020.00045"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2017). IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks\u2013Bridges and Bridged Networks\u2013Amendment 29: Cyclic Queuing and Forwarding (Standard No. IEEE 802.1Qch-2017)."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, F., Wu, D., He, W., Li, Z., Zhang, Q., and Yao, H. (2023, January 19\u201323). CPF: Bridging Time-Sensitive Networks into Large-Scale LEO Satellite Networks. Proceedings of the 2023 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC), Marrakesh, Morocco.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC58020.2023.10183067"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C., and Liu, Y. (2018, January 8\u201311). A Real-Time Distributed Algorithm for Satellite Constellation Routing. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 18th International Conference on Communication Technology (ICCT), Chongqing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCT.2018.8600238"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cong, F., Leung, A., and Wei, Q. (2017). Simplified Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm Based on Improved Learning Factors. Advances in Neural Networks-ISNN 2017: 14th International Symposium, ISNN 2017, Sapporo, Hakodate, and Muroran, Hokkaido, Japan, 21\u201326 June 2017, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-59081-3"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2006.09.063","article-title":"A dynamic inertia weight particle swarm optimization algorithm","volume":"37","author":"Jiao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chaos Solitons Fractals"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2020.100718","article-title":"Population size in Particle Swarm Optimization","volume":"58","author":"Piotrowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Swarm Evol. Comput."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Leopold, R., and Miller, A. (1993, January 14\u201318). The IRIDIUM communications system. Proceedings of the 1993 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, Atlanta, GA, USA."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapoor, R., Snoeren, A., Voelker, G., and Porter, G. (2013, January 9\u201312). Bullet trains: A study of NIC burst behavior at microsecond timescales. Proceedings of the Ninth ACM Conference on Emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2535372.2535407"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/4\/1069\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:30:54Z","timestamp":1760027454000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/4\/1069"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s25041069"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s25041069","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]}}}