{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:50:55Z","timestamp":1760057455740,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Experimental Practice Fund of the Faculty of Health and Sports Science at Doshisha University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate measurement of running parameters, including the step length (SL), step frequency (SF), and velocity, is essential for optimizing sprint performance. Traditional methods, such as 2D video analysis and inertial measurement units (IMUs), face limitations in precision and practicality. This study introduces and evaluates two methods for estimating running parameters using real-time kinematic global navigation satellite systems (RTK GNSS) with 100 Hz sampling. Method 1 identifies mid-stance phases via vertical position minima, while Method 2 aligns with the initial contact (IC) events through vertical velocity minima. Two collegiate sprinters completed a 400 m sprint under controlled conditions, with RTK GNSS measurements validated against 3D video analysis and IMU data. Both methods estimated the SF, SL, and velocity, but Method 2 demonstrated superior accuracy, achieving a lower RMSE (SF: 0.205 Hz versus 0.291 Hz; SL: 0.143 m versus 0.190 m) and higher correlation with the reference data. Method 2 also exhibited improved performance in curved sections and detected stride asymmetries with higher consistency than Method 1. These findings highlight RTK GNSS, particularly the velocity minima approach, as a robust, drift-free, single-sensor solution for detailed per-step sprint analysis in outdoor conditions. This approach offers a practical alternative to IMU-based methods and enables training optimization and performance evaluation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25041073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T05:34:32Z","timestamp":1739252072000},"page":"1073","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Running Parameter Analysis in 400 m Sprint Using Real-Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3372-8165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keisuke","family":"Onodera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education and Welfare, Biwako-Gakuin University, 29 Fusecho, Higashiomi 527-8533, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tataramiyakodani, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan"},{"name":"Research Center for Sports Sensing, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tataramiyakodani, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoto","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Sports Sensing, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tataramiyakodani, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kiyoshi","family":"Hirose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Sports Sensing, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tataramiyakodani, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Production System Engineering and Sciences, Komatsu University, Nu 1-3 Shicyomachi, Komatsu 923-8511, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akiko","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Sports Sensing, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tataramiyakodani, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Kurume Institute of Technology, 2228-66 Kamitsumachi, Kurume 830-0052, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wako","family":"Kajiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tataramiyakodani, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan"},{"name":"Research Center for Sports Sensing, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tataramiyakodani, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Nakano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tataramiyakodani, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan"},{"name":"Research Center for Sports Sensing, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tataramiyakodani, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shunya","family":"Uda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tataramiyakodani, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan"},{"name":"Research Center for Sports Sensing, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tataramiyakodani, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2438-5692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaki","family":"Takeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Sports Sensing, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tataramiyakodani, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000113664.15777.53","article-title":"Interaction of step length and step rate during sprint running","volume":"36","author":"Hunter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. 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