{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T16:07:15Z","timestamp":1785773235363,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004576","name":"Rangeland Advisory Board of the Ministry of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["277-0380"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["277-0380"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004576","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004576","name":"Rangeland Advisory Board of the Ministry of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["277-0445"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["277-0445"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004576","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004576","name":"Rangeland Advisory Board of the Ministry of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["458-0574"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["458-0574"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004576","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004576","name":"Chief Scientist of the Ministry of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["277-0380"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["277-0380"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004576","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004576","name":"Chief Scientist of the Ministry of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["277-0445"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["277-0445"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004576","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004576","name":"Chief Scientist of the Ministry of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["458-0574"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["458-0574"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004576","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Grazing shapes rangelands globally, but it is difficult to study. Acoustic monitoring enables grazing to be described in terms of jaw movements, which are fundamental to how herbivores interact with their foraging environment. In an observational study on Mediterranean herbaceous rangeland, 10 beef cattle cows were monitored continuously over multiple days in two seasons. The algorithm used to analyze the acoustic signal furnished (without classification) a data sample of \u22485 M ingestive and ruminatory jaw movements. These were analyzed as between-event intervals and as minutely rates. The rumination displayed a consistent, strong rhythm and pattern of jaw movements. In contrast, there was no single \u201csignature\u201d jaw movement pattern for grazing (i.e., non-rumination). Although the underlying natural rhythm of rumination dominated non-rumination, it was intermittently and irregularly interrupted by longer intervals, whose size scaled logarithmically. There was evidence of further substructure, with a degree of separation between \u201cgrazing\u201d and \u201cresting\u201d in the conventional sense. Three broad grazing styles emerged. In the \u201cintense\u201d style, animals sustained long runs of jaw movements in the natural rhythm, with relatively few interruptions. In the \u201cregular\u201d style, comprising the majority of non-rumination jaw activity, the natural rhythm still dominated, but was punctuated at irregular intervals by eruptions of somewhat longer intervals. The \u201cdiffuse\u201d style comprised shorter runs in the natural rhythm, punctuated by highly erratic intervals spanning orders of magnitude. When the jaw movement events were viewed as minutely rates, the non-rumination population showed strong bimodality in the distribution of non-zero rates, with peaks at \u224860 and \u224815 jaw movements min\u22121, suggesting two modes of grazing. The results strongly support the notion of behavioral grazing intensity and call into question the approach of viewing grazing as a binary state or expecting measures of grazing time to be strongly indicative of intake rate. Rate- and interval-based analyses of information at the jaw movement level can yield a penetrating profile of how an animal interacts with its foraging environment, epitomized in a graphical formulation termed the time accumulation curve. These results strengthen the case for the further development of this sensor technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25041210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T03:41:47Z","timestamp":1739763707000},"page":"1210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Rhythms, Patterns and Styles in the Jaw Movement Activity of Beef Cattle on Rangeland as Revealed by Acoustic Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2165-5267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugene David","family":"Ungar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resources, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ynon","family":"Nevo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Herzl 229, Rehovot 7610001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1080\/15481603.2022.2088652","article-title":"A systematic review on the use of remote sensing technologies in quantifying grasslands ecosystem services","volume":"59","author":"Masenyama","year":"2022","journal-title":"GISci. 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