{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T18:33:13Z","timestamp":1789669993985,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2022R1A2C1092048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1A2C1092048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Soonchunhyang University Research Fund","award":["NRF-2022R1A2C1092048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1A2C1092048"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to decrease the number of drunk drivers, a significant social problem. Traditional methods to measure alcohol intake include blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) tests. While BAC testing requires blood samples and is impractical, BrAC testing is commonly used in drunk driving enforcement. In this study, the multiple biological signals of electrocardiogram (ECG), photoplethysmogram (PPG), and electrodermal activity (EDA) were collected non-invasively and with minimal driver restraint in a driving simulator. Data were collected from 10 participants for approximately 10 min at BrAC levels of 0.00%, 0.03%, and 0.08%, which align with the latest Korean drunk driving standards. The collected data underwent frequency filtering and were segmented into 30 s intervals with a 10 s overlap to extract heart rate variability (HRV) and pulse arrival time (PAT). Using more than 10 machine learning algorithms, the classification accuracy reached 88%. The results indicate that it is possible to classify a driver\u2019s level of intoxication using only non-invasive biological signals within a short period of about 30 s, potentially aiding in the prevention of drunk driving.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25051281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T04:03:17Z","timestamp":1740024197000},"page":"1281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Drunk Driver Detection Using Multiple Non-Invasive Biosignals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9193-4709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Hyuk","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31537, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9169-8243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyo Won","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31537, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae Mu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31537, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1347-7388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun Jae","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31537, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.5143\/JESK.2016.35.5.371","article-title":"Development of a Classification Model for Driver\u2019s Drowsiness and Waking Status Using Heart Rate Variability and Respiratory Features","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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