{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:16:47Z","timestamp":1791231407302,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Next Generation EU","award":["PE0000015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE0000015"]}]},{"name":"National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP)-PE8-Mission 4, C2, Intervention 1.3","award":["PE0000015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE0000015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gait is a complex motor process that involves the coordination and synchronization of various body parts through continuous interaction with the environment. Monitoring gait is crucial for the early detection of abnormalities, such as toe walking, which is characterized by limited or absent heel contact with the floor during walking. Persistent toe walking can cause severe foot, ankle, and musculature conditions; poor balance; increased risk of falling or tripping; and can affect overall quality of life, making it difficult, for example, to participate in sports or social activities. This study proposes a new approach to detect toe walking using surface Electromyography (sEMG) on lower limbs. sEMG sensors, by measuring the electrical activity of muscles, can see signals before the movement corresponding to muscle activation, contributing to an early detection of a possible problem. The sEMG signal presents significant complexity due to its noisy nature and the challenge of extracting meaningful features for classification. To address this issue and enhance the model\u2019s robustness across different devices and configurations, a Transfer Learning (TL) approach is introduced. This method leverages pre-trained models to effectively handle the variability of sEMG data and improve classification accuracy. In particular, Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) is applied to sEMG-filtered signals (with time windows of 1 s) to convert them into 2D images (scalograms). Preliminary tests were performed on a public dataset using some of the most well-known pre-trained architectures, obtaining an accuracy of about 95% on InceptionResNetV2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25051305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T03:47:46Z","timestamp":1740109666000},"page":"1305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Transfer Learning Approach for Toe Walking Recognition Using Surface Electromyography on Leg Muscles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5716-5824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Manni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3374-2433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Rescio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1431-4653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Carluccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0318-8347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Caroppo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8970-3313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Leone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000302","article-title":"Toe walking: Causes, epidemiology, assessment, and treatment","volume":"28","author":"Ruzbarsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. 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