{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T15:44:44Z","timestamp":1776872684264,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation (NSF) Partnership for Innovations (PFI) and Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1827769"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1827769"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation (NSF) Partnership for Innovations (PFI) and Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2137255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2137255"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NSF Industry\u2013University Cooperative Research Center for Building Reliable Advances and Innovations in Neurotechnology (IUCRC BRAIN)","award":["1827769"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1827769"]}]},{"name":"NSF Industry\u2013University Cooperative Research Center for Building Reliable Advances and Innovations in Neurotechnology (IUCRC BRAIN)","award":["2137255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2137255"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Democratized access to safe and effective robotic neurorehabilitation for stroke survivors requires innovative, affordable solutions that can be used not only in clinics but also at home. This requires the high usability of the devices involved to minimize costs associated with support from physical therapists or technicians. Methods: This paper describes the early findings of the NeuroExo brain\u2013machine interface (BMI) with an upper-limb robotic exoskeleton for stroke neurorehabilitation. This early feasibility study consisted of a six-week protocol, with an initial training and BMI calibration phase at the clinic followed by 60 sessions of neuromotor therapy at the homes of the participants. Pre- and post-assessments were used to assess users\u2019 compliance and system performance. Results: Participants achieved a compliance rate between 21% and 100%, with an average of 69%, while maintaining adequate signal quality and a positive perceived BMI performance during home usage with an average Likert scale score of four out of five. Moreover, adequate signal quality was maintained for four out of five participants throughout the protocol. These findings provide valuable insights into essential components for comprehensive rehabilitation therapy for stroke survivors. Furthermore, linear mixed-effects statistical models showed a significant reduction in trial duration (p-value &lt; 0.02) and concomitant changes in brain patterns (p-value &lt; 0.02). Conclusions: the analysis of these findings suggests that a low-cost, safe, simple-to-use BMI system for at-home stroke rehabilitation is feasible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25051322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T06:39:07Z","timestamp":1740119947000},"page":"1322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["At-Home Stroke Neurorehabilitation: Early Findings with the NeuroExo BCI System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0134-7762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Jos\u00e9","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Espa\u00f1a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA"},{"name":"Noninvasive Brain-Machine Interface Systems Laboratory, NSF Industry\u2014University Cooperative Research Center for Building Reliable Advances and Innovations in Neurotechnology (IUCRC BRAIN) Center, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5021-8577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lianne","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA"},{"name":"Noninvasive Brain-Machine Interface Systems Laboratory, NSF Industry\u2014University Cooperative Research Center for Building Reliable Advances and Innovations in Neurotechnology (IUCRC BRAIN) Center, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0113-5911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxine Annel","family":"Pacheco-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA"},{"name":"Noninvasive Brain-Machine Interface Systems Laboratory, NSF Industry\u2014University Cooperative Research Center for Building Reliable Advances and Innovations in Neurotechnology (IUCRC BRAIN) Center, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5777-1250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeff","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noninvasive Brain-Machine Interface Systems Laboratory, NSF Industry\u2014University Cooperative Research Center for Building Reliable Advances and Innovations in Neurotechnology (IUCRC BRAIN) Center, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA"},{"name":"College of Architecture and Design, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Nedley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Texas Health McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9173-2044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuo-Hsiu","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Texas Health McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Neurorecovery Research Center, TIRR Memorial Hermann, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5681-1916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerard E.","family":"Francisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Texas 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