{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:00:13Z","timestamp":1787068813471,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,23]],"date-time":"2025-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005888","name":"Medical University of Lodz","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["503\/6-127-05\/503-51-001-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503\/6-127-05\/503-51-001-19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005888","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005888","name":"Medical University of Lodz","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LIDER\/50\/0203\/L-11\/19\/NCBR\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIDER\/50\/0203\/L-11\/19\/NCBR\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005888","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The National Centre for Research and Development","award":["503\/6-127-05\/503-51-001-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503\/6-127-05\/503-51-001-19"]}]},{"name":"The National Centre for Research and Development","award":["LIDER\/50\/0203\/L-11\/19\/NCBR\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIDER\/50\/0203\/L-11\/19\/NCBR\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Upper-limb paresis is one of the main complications after stroke. It is commonly associated with impaired wrist-extension function. Upper-limb paresis can place a tremendous burden on stroke survivors and their families. A novel soft-actuator device, the Balonikotron, was designed to assist in rehabilitation by utilizing a balloon mechanism to facilitate wrist-extension exercises. This pilot study aimed to observe the functional changes in the paralyzed upper limb and improvements in independent and cognitive functions following a 4-week regimen using the device, which incorporates a multimedia tablet application providing audiovisual feedback. The device features a cardboard construction with a hinge at wrist level and rails that guide hand movement as the balloon inflates, controlled by a microcontroller and a tablet-based application. It operates on the principle of moving the hand at the wrist by pushing the palm upwards through a surface actuated by a balloon. A model was developed to describe the relationship between the force exerted on the hand, the angle on hinge, the pressure within the balloon, and its volume. Experimental validation demonstrated a Pearson correlation of 0.936 between the model\u2019s force predictions and measured forces, supporting its potential for real-time safety monitoring by automatically shutting down when force thresholds are exceeded. A pilot study was conducted with 12 post-stroke patients (six experimental, six control), who participated in a four-week wrist-extension training program. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the Fugl\u2013Meyer Assessment for the Upper Extremity (FMA-UE), Modified Rankin Scale (mRS), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA), wrist Range of Motion (ROM), and Barthel Index (BI). Statistically significant results were obtained for the Barthel index (p &lt; 0.05) and FMA-UE, indicating that the experimental use of the device significantly improved functional independence and self-care abilities. The results of our pilot study suggest that the Balonikotron device, which uses the principles of mirror therapy, may serve as a valuable adjunct to conventional rehabilitation for post-stroke patients with hemiparetic hands (BI p = 0.009, MMSE p = 0.151, mRS p = 0.640, FMA-UE p = 0.045, MOCA p = 0.187, ROM p = 0.109).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25051360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T05:36:47Z","timestamp":1740375407000},"page":"1360","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Novel Robotic Balloon-Based Device for Wrist-Extension Therapy of Hemiparesis Stroke Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3304-8647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaudia","family":"Marek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, Milionowa 14, 93-113 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Olejniczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, Milionowa 14, 93-113 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7029-1857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, Milionowa 14, 93-113 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1229-2173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Zubrycki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Automatic Control, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 18, 90-537 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trompetto, C., Catalano, M.G., Farina, A., Grioli, G., Mori, L., Ciullo, A., Pittaluga, M., Rossero, M., Puce, L., and Bicchi, A. 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