{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T17:10:11Z","timestamp":1788887411681,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Zhejiang Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LGF22F010008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGF22F010008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Zhejiang Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NBSTI 2023Z021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NBSTI 2023Z021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ningbo Key Scientific and Technological Project","award":["LGF22F010008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGF22F010008"]}]},{"name":"Ningbo Key Scientific and Technological Project","award":["NBSTI 2023Z021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NBSTI 2023Z021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article introduces a novel approach to improve electronic nose classification accuracy by optimizing sensor arrays and aligning features. This involves selecting the best sensor combinations and reducing redundant information for better odor recognition. We employ a feature alignment algorithm to address the discrepancies that impede model sharing between electronic nose devices. Our research focuses on overcoming challenges associated with material selection and the constraints of transferring classification models across different electronic nose devices for drug classification. We fabricated six SnO2-based MEMS gas sensors using physical vapor deposition. The ReliefF algorithm was employed to rank and score each sensor\u2019s contribution to drug classification, identifying the optimal sensor array. We then applied feature alignment from transfer learning to enhance model sharing among three inconsistent devices. This study resolves the issue of electronic noses being hard to use on the same database due to hardware inconsistencies in batch production, laying the groundwork for future mass production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25051480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T02:48:37Z","timestamp":1740710917000},"page":"1480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Enhancing E-Nose Performance via Metal-Oxide Based MEMS Sensor Arrays Optimization and Feature Alignment for Drug Classification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Ruiwen","family":"Kong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3370-9801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenfeng","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China"},{"name":"CS-Microsensor (Ningbo) Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo 311121, China"},{"name":"Research and Manufacturing Base of Olfactory Sensors in China Sensing Valley, Bengbu 233040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Manufacturing Base of Olfactory Sensors in China Sensing Valley, Bengbu 233040, China"},{"name":"College of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Shanghai 201713, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawu","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7681-1510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling","family":"Ai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8129-8889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weijie","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiqin","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2020.127688","article-title":"Development of a low-cost e-nose to assess aroma profiles: An artificial intelligence application to assess beer quality","volume":"308","author":"Fuentes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. 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