{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:31:56Z","timestamp":1787239916126,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wayne State University"},{"name":"University of Rochester"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over 250,000 gastrostomy tubes (G-tubes) are placed annually in the United States. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is the most widely used clinical method for placing G-tubes within the stomach. However, endoscope detectability is limited due to the scattering of light by tissues. Poor organ visibility and low sensitivity of the palpation techniques cause blind needle insertions, which cause colon\/liver perforations, abdominal bleeding, and gastric resections. Additionally, imaging artifacts and the poor distinguishability between water-filled tissues make ultrasound (US) imaging-based techniques incompatible with G-tube placement. The risk of ionizing radiation exposure and the confinement of fluoroscopy to radiology suites limits its bedside utility in patients. Considering these limitations, we propose to design a safe, point-of-care integrated US and photoacoustic (PA) imaging system for accurate G-tube placement procedures, for a broad spectrum of patients, and to characterize the system\u2019s effectiveness. Our proposed technology utilizes a clinically safe contrast agent and a dual-wavelength approach for precise procedures. Our ex vivo tissue studies indicated that PA imaging accurately differentiates the different organs at specific wavelengths. Our characterization studies revealed that PA imaging could detect lower concentrations of Indocyanine Green (ICG) dye coating the colon wall, minimizing the risk of ICG dye-related toxicity and providing safer G-tube placements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25051597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T09:37:52Z","timestamp":1741167472000},"page":"1597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Photoacoustic Imaging for Image-Guided Gastric Tube Placement: Ex Vivo Characterization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Samuel","family":"John","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4391-5091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeidi","family":"Yuja Vaquiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hajim School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikhila","family":"Nyayapathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Imaging Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7468-667X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loay","family":"Kabbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Surgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9187-5483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anoop","family":"Nilam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9052-884X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan F.","family":"Lovell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0844-1885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole A.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Surgery, Pediatrics, & Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8137-2372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hajim School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9264-9354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Mehrmohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hajim School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA"},{"name":"Department of Imaging Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000468","article-title":"National trends and outcomes of pediatric gastrostomy tube placement","volume":"59","author":"Fox","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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