{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T07:55:33Z","timestamp":1791618933763,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Upper limb training dose after stroke is usually quantified by time and repetitions. This study analyzed upper limb motor training dose in stroke participants (N = 36) using a more comprehensive approach. Participants, classified by initial motor severity (severe\/moderate\/mild) and recovery trajectory (good\/poor), received daily robotic and occupational therapy. Treatment dose was reported using a multidimensional framework. Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) score and robot-derived kinematic parameters (reach distance (cm), velocity (cm\/s), accuracy (cm) and smoothness (number of velocity peaks)) were analyzed pre- and post-intervention. FMA scores (mean (SD)) improved significantly post-intervention in severe (+11 (12) pts; p &lt; 0.001) and moderate (+13 (6) pts; p \u2264 0.01) impairment groups. In the severe group, good recoverers showed greater improvement (+18 (12) pts) than poor recoverers (+4 (4) pts). Despite similar robotic therapy duration (34 min\/session) and number of movements (600\u2013900\/session) between good and poor recoverers, both groups experienced very different therapeutic plans in the use of physical modalities: good recoverers gradually moved from assisted to the unassisted then resisted modality. Kinematic analysis showed distinct patterns of motor improvement across severity levels, ranging from quantitative (reach distance\/velocity) to qualitative (accuracy\/smoothness) changes. This approach provides a more accurate description of the therapeutic dose by characterizing the movements actually performed and can help personalize rehabilitation strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25051612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T04:55:08Z","timestamp":1741236908000},"page":"1612","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["How Can Robotic Devices Help Clinicians Determine the Treatment Dose for Post-Stroke Arm Paresis?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4523-9448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oph\u00e9lie","family":"Pila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de R\u00e9\u00e9ducation Fonctionnelle les Trois Soleils, M\u00e9decine Physique et de R\u00e9adaptation, Unit\u00e9 de Neuror\u00e9\u00e9ducation, 77310 Boissise-le-Roi, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0317-8504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christophe","family":"Duret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de R\u00e9\u00e9ducation Fonctionnelle les Trois Soleils, M\u00e9decine Physique et de R\u00e9adaptation, Unit\u00e9 de Neuror\u00e9\u00e9ducation, 77310 Boissise-le-Roi, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.32.6.1279","article-title":"Estimates of the Prevalence of Acute Stroke Impairments and Disability in a Multiethnic Population","volume":"32","author":"Lawrence","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-017-1816-0","article-title":"Diffusion Tensor Imaging as a Prognostic Biomarker for Motor Recovery and Rehabilitation after Stroke","volume":"59","author":"Puig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968307305302","article-title":"Inter-Individual Variability in the Capacity for Motor Recovery after Ischemic Stroke","volume":"22","author":"Prabhakaran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurorehabilit. 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