{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:02:56Z","timestamp":1791302576387,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Next Generation EU","award":["PE0000015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE0000015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surface electromyography (sEMG) is increasingly important for prevention, diagnosis, and rehabilitation in healthcare. The continuous monitoring of muscle electrical activity enables the detection of abnormal events, but existing sEMG systems often rely on disposable pre-gelled electrodes that can cause skin irritation and require precise placement by trained personnel. Wearable sEMG systems integrating textile electrodes have been proposed to improve usability; however, they often suffer from poor skin\u2013electrode coupling, leading to higher impedance, motion artifacts, and reduced signal quality. To address these limitations, we propose a preliminary model of smart socks, integrating biocompatible hybrid polymer electrodes positioned over the target muscles. Compared with commercial Ag\/AgCl electrodes, these hybrid electrodes ensure lower the skin\u2013electrode impedance, enhancing signal acquisition (19.2 \u00b1 3.1 k\u03a9 vs. 27.8 \u00b1 4.5 k\u03a9 for Ag\/AgCl electrodes). Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first wearable system incorporating hydrogel-based electrodes in a sock specifically designed for the analysis of lower limb muscles, which are crucial for evaluating conditions such as sarcopenia, fall risk, and gait anomalies. The system incorporates a lightweight, wireless commercial module for data pre-processing and transmission. sEMG signals from the Gastrocnemius and Tibialis muscles were analyzed, demonstrating a strong correlation (R = 0.87) between signals acquired with the smart socks and those obtained using commercial Ag\/AgCl electrodes. Future studies will further validate its long-term performance under real-world conditions and with a larger dataset.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25051618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T09:59:17Z","timestamp":1741255157000},"page":"1618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Preliminary Study on Wearable Smart Socks with Hydrogel Electrodes for Surface Electromyography-Based Muscle Activity Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3374-2433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Rescio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, National Research Council of Italy, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1914-0153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Sciurti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, National Research Council of Italy, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5385-2133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Giampetruzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, National Research Council of Italy, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1431-4653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Carluccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, National Research Council of Italy, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4500-0421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Francioso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, National Research Council of Italy, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8970-3313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Leone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, National Research Council of Italy, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.55730\/1300-0144.5667","article-title":"Current Developments in Surface Electromyography","volume":"53","author":"Alcan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Turkish J. 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