{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T19:37:56Z","timestamp":1787081876717,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GZC20231527"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZC20231527"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62271299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62271299"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GZC20231527"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZC20231527"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62271299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62271299"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>SnO2-based semiconductor gas-sensing materials are regarded as some of the most crucial sensing materials, owing to their extremely high electron mobility, high sensitivity, and excellent stability. To bridge the gap between laboratory-scale SnO2 and its industrial applications, low-cost and high-efficiency requirements must be met. This implies the need for simple synthesis techniques, reduced energy consumption, and satisfactory gas-sensing performances. In this study, we utilized a surfactant-free simple method to modify SnO2 nanoparticles with PdPt noble metals, ensuring the stable state of the material. Under the synergistic catalytic effect of Pd and Pt, the composite material (1.0 wt%-PdPt-SnO2) significantly enhanced its response to HCHO. This modification decreased the optimal working temperature to as low as 180 \u00b0C to achieve a response value (Ra\/Rg = 8.2) and showcased lower operating temperatures, higher sensitivity, and better selectivity to detect 10 ppm of HCHO when compared with pristine SnO2 or single noble metal-decorated SnO2 sensors. Stability tests verified that the gas sensor signals based on PdPt-SnO2 nanoparticles exhibit good reliability. Furthermore, a portable HCHO detector was designed for practical applications, such as in newly purchased cushions, indicating its potential for industrialization beyond the laboratory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25051627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T09:59:17Z","timestamp":1741255157000},"page":"1627","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Industrial Potential of Formaldehyde Gas Sensor Based on PdPt Bimetallic Loaded SnO2 Nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Bing","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NEST Lab, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tongwei","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NEST Lab, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenshuang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NEST Lab, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xian","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4214-8532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaqiang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NEST Lab, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cotox.2018.07.001","article-title":"Formaldehyde metabolism and its impact on human health","volume":"9","author":"Reingruber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2009.06.002","article-title":"Formaldehyde in china: Production, consumption, exposure levels, and health effects","volume":"35","author":"Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/10590501.2011.629972","article-title":"Exposure to formaldehyde and its potential human health hazards","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part C"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.01.006","article-title":"Use of electronic nose and GC-MS in detection and monitoring some voc","volume":"51","author":"Giraldez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijms.2006.07.002","article-title":"Sensitivity and noise in GC\u2013MS: Achieving low limits of detection for difficult analytes","volume":"260","author":"Fialkov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17445","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.3c02403","article-title":"Zinc oxide nanorods for light-activated gas sensing and photocatalytic applications","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dadkhah, M., and Tulliani, J.-M. (2022). Green synthesis of metal oxides semiconductors for gas sensing applications. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22134669"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2024.113872","article-title":"An effective strategy for synthesizing high-performance photocatalyst by recycling the graphite target wastes","volume":"12","author":"Bai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2014.06.003","article-title":"SnO2: A comprehensive review on structures and gas sensors","volume":"66","author":"Das","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Mater Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2022.113845","article-title":"SnO2 as a gas sensor in detection of volatile organic compounds: A review","volume":"346","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-023-01047-z","article-title":"Advances in noble metal-decorated metal oxide nanomaterials for chemiresistive gas sensors: Overview","volume":"15","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76229","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA14322E","article-title":"Noble metal@ metal oxide semiconductor core@shell nano-architectures as a new platform for gas sensor applications","volume":"5","author":"Rai","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.09.117","article-title":"Bimetal pdau decorated SnO2 nanosheets based gas sensor with temperature-dependent dual selectivity for detecting formaldehyde and acetone","volume":"283","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26116","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b08408","article-title":"PdPt bimetal-functionalized SnO2 nanosheets: Controllable synthesis and its dual selectivity for detection of carbon monoxide and methane","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1039\/D2MH01466A","article-title":"Sensing\u2013transducing coupled piezoelectric textiles for self-powered humidity detection and wearable biomonitoring","volume":"10","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Horiz."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58838","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c12066","article-title":"Degradable multilayer fabric sensor with wide detection range and high linearity","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nwnano.2024.100061","article-title":"Self-powered infrared detector enabled by interfacial anchoring and thermal reinforcement","volume":"8","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Trends"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wees.2024.07.002","article-title":"Hierarchical carbon nanotube-decorated polyacrylonitrile smart textiles for wearable biomonitoring","volume":"1","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Wearable Electron."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-013-7836-1","article-title":"Review of thermal stability of nanomaterials","volume":"49","author":"Andrievski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2010.05.001","article-title":"Improvement and mechanism for the fast response of a Pt\/TiO2 gas sensor","volume":"148","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, T., Mo, T., Xu, X., Tao, H., Wang, H., Yu, B., and Zhao, Z.-J. (2025). Pd-decorated SnO2 nanofilm integrated on silicon nanowires for enhanced hydrogen sensing. Sensors, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/s25030655"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.126845","article-title":"Role of oxygen vacancies in nanostructured metal-oxide gas sensors: A review","volume":"301","author":"Akbar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2020.112026","article-title":"Metal oxide semiconductors with highly concentrated oxygen vacancies for gas sensing materials: A review","volume":"309","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2024.08.096","article-title":"Atom-thin SnO2 sheets composed with g-c3n4 matrix as hcho sensor with high thermal stability","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7144","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.9b11147","article-title":"Unraveling hydrogen adsorption kinetics of bimetallic Au\u2013Pt nanoisland-functionalized carbon nanofibers for room-temperature gas sensor applications","volume":"124","author":"Nair","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2021.129584","article-title":"Bimetal Au-Pd decorated hierarchical WO3 nanowire bundles for gas sensing application","volume":"334","author":"Zeb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2022.132717","article-title":"Zeolitic imidazolate framework-derived n-ZnO\/p-Co3O4 heterojunction by ion-etching method for superior co toxic gas sensor","volume":"374","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2024.109490","article-title":"Complex shell fe-zno derived from ZIF-8 as high-quality acetone mems sensor","volume":"35","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2023.134139","article-title":"Single Pt atom-based gas sensor: Break the detection limit and selectivity of acetone","volume":"397","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, G., Zhang, W., Luo, N., Xue, Z., Hu, Q., Zeng, W., and Xu, J. (2021). Bimetallic nanocrystals: Structure, controllable synthesis and applications in catalysis, energy and sensing. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11081926"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"053504","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0248273","article-title":"Enhancing contact triboelectrification by coupling interfacial spontaneous polarization and permittivity manipulation","volume":"126","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2024.11.189","article-title":"Ultra-fine ppb-level H2S detection based on designed (Cu0.2Co0.8)Co2O4 frameworks","volume":"51","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/5\/1627\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:48:24Z","timestamp":1760028504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/5\/1627"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s25051627"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s25051627","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]}}}