{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T01:58:21Z","timestamp":1792288701295,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]],"date-time":"2025-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"New Generation of Information Technology Innovation Project of China University Innovation Fund of Ministry of Education","award":["2023IT209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023IT209"]}]},{"name":"New Generation of Information Technology Innovation Project of China University Innovation Fund of Ministry of Education","award":["2024HT024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024HT024"]}]},{"name":"intelligent Driving and Intelligent Cockpit Education Special of the Industrial\u2013University\u2013Research Innovation Fund for Higher Education Institutions of the Ministry of Education of China","award":["2023IT209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023IT209"]}]},{"name":"intelligent Driving and Intelligent Cockpit Education Special of the Industrial\u2013University\u2013Research Innovation Fund for Higher Education Institutions of the Ministry of Education of China","award":["2024HT024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024HT024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human factors are the most important factor in road traffic crashes. Human-caused traffic crashes can be reduced through the active safety system of vehicles. Road hypnosis is an unconscious driving state caused by the combination of external environmental factors and the driver\u2019s psychological state. When drivers fall into a state of road hypnosis, they cannot clearly perceive the surrounding environment and make various reactions in time to complete the driving task, and driving safety is greatly affected. Therefore, road hypnosis identification is of great significance for the active safety of vehicles. A road hypnosis identification model based on XGBoost\u2014Hidden Markov is proposed in this study. Driver data and vehicle data related to road hypnosis are collected through the design and conduct of vehicle driving experiments. Driver data, including eye movement data and EEG data, are collected with eye movement sensors and EEG sensors. A mobile phone with AutoNavi navigation is used as an on-board sensor to collect vehicle speed, acceleration, and other information. Power spectrum density analysis, the sliding window method, and the point-by-point calculation method are used to extract the dynamic characteristics of road hypnosis, respectively. Through normalization and standardization, the key features of the three types of data are integrated into unified feature vectors. Based on XGBoost and the Hidden Markov algorithm, a road hypnotic identification model is constructed. The model is verified and evaluated through visual analysis. The results show that the road hypnosis state can be effectively identified by the model. The extraction of road hypnosis-related features is realized in non-fixed driving routes in this study. A new research idea for road hypnosis and a technical scheme reference for the development of intelligent driving assistance systems are provided, and the life identification ability of the vehicle intelligent cockpit is also improved. It is of great significance for the active safety of vehicles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25061842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T04:29:28Z","timestamp":1742185768000},"page":"1842","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["An Identification Method for Road Hypnosis Based on XGBoost-HMM"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0065-1001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Longfei","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenyang","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2418-7394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43220, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2186-066X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junyan","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5391-8857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quanzheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.4103\/2249-4863.104987","article-title":"A public health perspective of road traffic accidents","volume":"1","author":"Gopalakrishnan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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