{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:34:26Z","timestamp":1791567266208,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Internal Grant Agency of the Czech University of Life Sciences Prague","award":["2022:31130\/1312\/3103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022:31130\/1312\/3103"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Access to clean water remains a critical global challenge, particularly in under-resourced regions. This study introduces an autonomous water treatment system leveraging Industry 4.0 technologies, including advanced smart sensors, real-time monitoring, and automation. The system employs a multi-stage filtration process\u2014mechanical, chemical, and UV sterilization\u2014to treat water with varying contamination levels. Smart sensors play a pivotal role in ensuring precise control and adaptability across the entire process. Experimental validation was conducted on three water types: pond, river, and artificially contaminated water. Results revealed significant reductions in key contaminants such as PPM, pH, and electrical conductivity, achieving water quality standards set by the WHO. Statistical analyses confirmed the system\u2019s reliability and adaptability under diverse conditions. These findings underscore the potential of smart, sensor-integrated, decentralized water treatment systems to effectively address global water security challenges. Future research could focus on scalability, renewable energy integration, and long-term operational durability to enhance applicability in remote areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25061925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T05:03:59Z","timestamp":1742447039000},"page":"1925","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Modern Water Treatment Technology Based on Industry 4.0"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Guth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0097-6009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Her\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme (2025, January 21). The United Nations World Water Development Report 2024: Water for Prosperity and Peace. UNESCO Report 2024. Available online: https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000388948."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsd.2024.101184","article-title":"Vulnerability of groundwater to pollution in the highlands by a combined approach of AHP method and remote sensing","volume":"26","author":"Nguedia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Groundw. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2014.03.008","article-title":"A review on the applicability of integrated\/hybrid membrane processes in water treatment and desalination plants","volume":"363","author":"Ang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clet.2024.100722","article-title":"Renewable energy integration in sustainable water systems: A review","volume":"18","author":"Zakariazadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clean. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41545-018-0011-0","article-title":"Review of low-cost point-of-use water treatment systems for developing communities","volume":"1","author":"Pooi","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPJ Clean Water"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"11","article-title":"Evaluation of operational efficiency and performance for a water treatment plant","volume":"49","author":"Bwapwa","year":"2024","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zouboulis, A.I., and Katsoyiannis, I.A. (2019). Recent advances in water and wastewater treatment with emphasis in membrane treatment operations. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11010045"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"UNICEF, and WHO (2025, February 03). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water\u20142015 Update and MDG Assessment. Available online: https:\/\/books.google.cz\/books?hl=cs&lr=&id=KFA0DgAAQBAJ."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatment: Facts and Future Trends","volume":"7","author":"Ghernaout","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Access Libr. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2023.111198","article-title":"Industry 4.0 as a strategy to contribute to the water supply universalization in developing countries","volume":"11","author":"Senna","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2006.02.041","article-title":"Potable water production from pesticide contaminated surface water\u2014A membrane-based approach","volume":"204","author":"Sarkar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2019.01.003","article-title":"Wastewater treatment using a hybrid system combining adsorption, photocatalytic degradation and membrane filtration processes","volume":"28","author":"Ejraei","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"110619","article-title":"A review of the application of machine learning in water quality evaluation","volume":"194","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2013.03.005","article-title":"Review on the science and technology of water desalination by capacitive deionization","volume":"58","author":"Porada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lom, M., Pribyl, O., and Svitek, M. (2016, January 26\u201327). Industry 4.0 as a part of smart cities. Proceedings of the Smart Cities Symposium Prague (SCSP), Prague, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1109\/SCSP.2016.7501015"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1139\/l00-091","article-title":"Advanced technologies in water and wastewater treatment","volume":"28","author":"Zhou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can. J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.08.588","article-title":"IoT based smart water management systems: A systematic review","volume":"46","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CS00493E","article-title":"Sustainable technologies for water purification from heavy metals: Review and analysis","volume":"48","author":"Bolisetty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162605","article-title":"Effects of wastewater pre-treatment on clogging of an intermittent sand filter","volume":"876","author":"Mohamed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/s41570-021-00264-7","article-title":"Sustainable implementation of innovative technologies for water purification","volume":"5","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Mustapha, M.A. (2025, February 23). Advanced Membrane Technologies for Water Purification. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/379311074_Advanced_Membrane_Technologies_for_Water_Purification."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112806","article-title":"Assessment of alkaline stabilization processes in industrial waste streams using a model-based approach","volume":"293","author":"Monje","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.2166\/ws.2020.109","article-title":"Small-scale drinking water treatment unit of filtration and UV disinfection for remote areas","volume":"20","author":"Chabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Supply"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e29573","article-title":"Innovations and challenges in adsorption-based wastewater remediation: A comprehensive review","volume":"10","author":"Satyam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124591","article-title":"Challenges in Environmental Science\/Engineering and Emerging Sustainable Practices for Future Water Conservation","volume":"238","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/6\/1925\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:56:55Z","timestamp":1760029015000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/6\/1925"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s25061925"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s25061925","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]}}}