{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T17:50:03Z","timestamp":1779299403209,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Laboratory for Active Materials and Smart Structures (LAMSS)"},{"name":"Iraqi Ministry of Higher Education"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a new methodology for localizing impact events on plate-like structures using a proposed two-dimensional convolutional neural network (CNN) and received impact signals. A network of four piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) was installed on the tested plate to acquire impact signals. These signals consisted of reflection waves that provided valuable information about impact events. In this methodology, each of the received signals was divided into several equal segments. Then, a wavelet transform (WT)-based time-frequency analysis was used for processing each segment signal. The generated WT diagrams of these segments\u2019 signals were cropped and resized using MATLAB code to be used as input image datasets to train, validate, and test the proposed CNN model. Two scenarios were adopted from PAWS transducers. First, two sensors were positioned in two corners of the plate, while, in the second scenario, four sensors were used to monitor and collect the signals. Eight datasets were collected and reshaped from these two scenarios. These datasets presented the signals of two, three, four, and five impacts. The model\u2019s performance was evaluated using four metrics: confusion matrix, accuracy, precision, and F1 score. The proposed model demonstrated exceptional performance by accurately localizing all of the impact points of the first scenario and 99% of the second scenario. The main limitation of the proposed model is how to differentiate the data samples that have similar features. From our point of view, the similarity challenge arose from two factors: the segmentation interval and the impact distance. First, applying the segmenting procedure to the PWAS signals led to an increase in the number of data samples. The procedure segmented each PWAS signal to 30 samples with equal intervals, regardless of the features of the signal. Segmenting and transforming different PWAS signals into image-based data points led to data samples that had similar features. Second, some of the impacts had a close distance to the PWAS sensors, which resulted in similar segmented signals. Therefore, the second scenario was more challenging for the proposed model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25061926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T05:03:59Z","timestamp":1742447039000},"page":"1926","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["New Method of Impact Localization on Plate-like Structures Using Deep Learning and Wavelet Transform"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6760-7718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asaad","family":"Migot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Petroleum and Gas Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Thi-Qar, Nasiriyah 64001, Iraq"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Carolina, 300 Main Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Saaudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Carolina, 300 Main Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"},{"name":"Department of Communication and Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering, University of AL-Muthanna, Samawah 66001, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8948-677X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Giurgiutiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Carolina, 300 Main Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giurgiutiu, V. 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