{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T16:50:39Z","timestamp":1792687839070,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","award":["ALLRP 567348\u201321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALLRP 567348\u201321"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Manual material handling, a common practice in various industries, often involves moving or lifting heavy objects, placing significant physical strain on workers, especially in the lower back. A prime example is manhole cover removal, which typically requires handling heavy weights, potentially leading to lower back muscle strain. This study investigates the effectiveness of a passive exoskeleton in reducing ergonomic risks during manhole cover removal. Twenty able-bodied workers participated, performing the task with and without extractor tools in the field. Techniques such as surface electromyography and inertial measurement units were employed to measure muscle activity and body posture using the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). This study compared muscle activities and REBA scores under different conditions: manually lifting covers, using an in-house lever tool, and using a sledgehammer and a pick bar tool named Jake, both with and without an exoskeleton. Results revealed that the in-house Lever tool was the safest and most efficient method, resulting in the lowest muscle activities and REBA scores, regardless of exoskeleton use. Interestingly, the exoskeleton significantly reduced muscle strain when using the Jake tool. These findings indicate that while the Lever tool is optimal for this task, passive exoskeletons can effectively lower ergonomic risks associated with more physically demanding tools.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25072027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T07:46:50Z","timestamp":1742802410000},"page":"2027","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Assessing Effectiveness of Passive Exoskeletons and Tool Selection on Ergonomic Safety in Manhole Cover Removal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Xun","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5499-3218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Golabchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"},{"name":"EWI Works International Inc., Edmonton, AB T6E 3N8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Shakourisalim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karla","family":"Beltran Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeinab","family":"Estaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6471-9049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Krell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPCOR, Edmonton, AB T5H 0E9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7427-6961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahdi","family":"Tavakoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4790-9313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossein","family":"Rouhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"},{"name":"Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Edmonton, AB T5G 0B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04015008","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000979","article-title":"Risk assessment of work-related musculoskeletal disorders in construction: State-of-the-art review","volume":"141","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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