{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T17:41:47Z","timestamp":1789666907689,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EPSRC","award":["EP\/X001059\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/X001059\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic Foot Ulcers (DFUs) are a significant health and economic burden, potentially leading to limb amputation, with a severe impact on a person\u2019s quality of life. During active movements like gait, the monitoring of shear has been suggested as an important factor for effective prevention of DFUs. It is proposed that, in textiles, strain can be measured as a proxy for shear stress at the skin. This paper presents the conceptualisation and development of a novel strain-sensing approach that can be unobtrusively integrated within sock textiles and worn within the shoe. Working with close clinical and patient engagement, a sensor specification was identified, and 12 load-sensing approaches for the prevention of DFU were evaluated. A lead concept using a conductive adhesive was selected for further development. The method was developed using a Lycra sample, before being translated onto a knitted \u2018sock\u2019 substrate. The resultant strain sensor can be integrated within mass-produced textiles fabricated using industrial knitting machines. A case-study was used to demonstrate a proof-of-concept version of the strain sensor, which changes resistance with applied mechanical strain. A range of static and dynamic laboratory testing was used to assess the sensor\u2019s performance, which demonstrated a resolution of 0.013 \u03a9 across a range of 0\u2013430 \u03a9 and a range of interest of 0\u201320 \u03a9. In cyclic testing, the sensor exhibited a cyclic strain threshold of 6% and a sensitivity gradient of 0.3 \u00b1 0.02, with a low dynamic drift of 0.039 to 0.045% of the total range. Overall, this work demonstrates a viable textile-based strain sensor capable of integration within worn knitted structures. It provides a promising first step towards developing a sock-based strain sensor for the prevention of DFU formation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25072057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T04:17:14Z","timestamp":1742962634000},"page":"2057","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development of a Body-Worn Textile-Based Strain Sensor: Application to Diabetic Foot Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7334-0880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rory P.","family":"Turnbull","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1491-1801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenny","family":"Corser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical and Community Applications of Health Psychology, Shakleton Building, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6721-8248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Orlando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4290-4510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prabhuraj D.","family":"Venkatraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Fashion Institute, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8349-6272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irantzu","family":"Yoldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sport And Bioscience, University of East London, London E16 2RD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5513-7571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathrine","family":"Bradbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical and Community Applications of Health Psychology, Shakleton Building, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9213-4580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil D.","family":"Reeves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2867-0420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Culmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.10578","article-title":"Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Review","volume":"330","author":"Armstrong","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"NDFC (2024, May 20). 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