{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T09:33:33Z","timestamp":1792056813464,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad T\u00e9cnica Particular de Loja","award":["POA_VIN-56"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POA_VIN-56"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents a black phosphorus-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor for malaria detection, integrating silicon nitride (Si3N4) and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) to enhance sensitivity and molecular recognition. The biosensor configurations were optimized through numerical simulations, evaluating metal thickness, dielectric layer thickness, and the number of black phosphorus layers to achieve maximum performance. The optimized system (Opt-Sys4) exhibited high sensitivity (464.4\u00b0\/RIU for early-stage malaria) and improved detection accuracy, outperforming conventional SPR sensors. Performance was assessed across malaria progression stages, demonstrating a clear resonance shift, increased attenuation, and enhanced biomolecular interactions. Key metrics, including the figure of merit, limit of detection, and comprehensive sensitivity factor, confirmed the sensor\u2019s superior performance. Comparative analysis against state-of-the-art SPR biosensors further validated their capability for highly sensitive and specific malaria detection. These findings establish a promising plasmonic biosensing platform for early malaria diagnosis, potentially improving disease management in resource-limited settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25072068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T06:58:43Z","timestamp":1742972323000},"page":"2068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Black Phosphorous-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor for Malaria Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8588-6490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Talia","family":"Tene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Universidad T\u00e9cnica Particular de Loja, Loja 110160, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yesenia","family":"Cevallos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad San Francisco de Quito IMNE, Diego de Robles s\/n, Cumbay\u00e1, Quito 170901, Ecuador"},{"name":"College of Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, Riobamba 060108, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola Gabriela","family":"Vinueza-Naranjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, Riobamba 060108, Ecuador"},{"name":"ETEL Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Networking and Telecommunications Engineering, Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas (UDLA), Quito 170503, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deysi","family":"Inca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, Riobamba 060108, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9248-9944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Vacacela Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via E. Fermi 54, 00044 Frascati, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-265","article-title":"A review of malaria transmission dynamics in forest ecosystems","volume":"7","author":"Kar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01041-5","article-title":"The impact of Plasmodium-driven immunoregulatory networks on immunity to malaria","volume":"24","author":"Boyle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. 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