{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:07:42Z","timestamp":1787029662875,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62335006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62335006"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62275065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62275065"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62022032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62022032"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62405078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62405078"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["OEIAM202202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OEIAM202202"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["HIT.OCEF.2023011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIT.OCEF.2023011"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LBH-Z23144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LBH-Z23144"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LH2024F031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LH2024F031"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2024M764172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024M764172"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation (Anhui University), Ministry of Education","award":["62335006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62335006"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation (Anhui University), Ministry of Education","award":["62275065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62275065"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation (Anhui University), Ministry of Education","award":["62022032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62022032"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation (Anhui University), Ministry of Education","award":["62405078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62405078"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation (Anhui University), Ministry of Education","award":["OEIAM202202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OEIAM202202"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation (Anhui University), Ministry of Education","award":["HIT.OCEF.2023011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIT.OCEF.2023011"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation (Anhui University), Ministry of Education","award":["LBH-Z23144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LBH-Z23144"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation (Anhui University), Ministry of Education","award":["LH2024F031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LH2024F031"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation (Anhui University), Ministry of Education","award":["2024M764172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024M764172"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62335006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62335006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62275065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62275065"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62022032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62022032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62405078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62405078"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OEIAM202202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OEIAM202202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HIT.OCEF.2023011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIT.OCEF.2023011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LBH-Z23144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LBH-Z23144"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LH2024F031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LH2024F031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024M764172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024M764172"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Fund","award":["62335006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62335006"]}]},{"name":"Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Fund","award":["62275065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62275065"]}]},{"name":"Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Fund","award":["62022032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62022032"]}]},{"name":"Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Fund","award":["62405078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62405078"]}]},{"name":"Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Fund","award":["OEIAM202202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OEIAM202202"]}]},{"name":"Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Fund","award":["HIT.OCEF.2023011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIT.OCEF.2023011"]}]},{"name":"Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Fund","award":["LBH-Z23144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LBH-Z23144"]}]},{"name":"Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Fund","award":["LH2024F031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LH2024F031"]}]},{"name":"Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Fund","award":["2024M764172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024M764172"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005046","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62335006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62335006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005046","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62275065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62275065"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005046","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62022032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62022032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005046","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62405078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62405078"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005046","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OEIAM202202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OEIAM202202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005046","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HIT.OCEF.2023011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIT.OCEF.2023011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005046","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LBH-Z23144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LBH-Z23144"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005046","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LH2024F031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LH2024F031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005046","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024M764172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024M764172"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62335006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62335006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62275065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62275065"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62022032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62022032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62405078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62405078"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OEIAM202202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OEIAM202202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HIT.OCEF.2023011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIT.OCEF.2023011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LBH-Z23144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LBH-Z23144"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LH2024F031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LH2024F031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024M764172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024M764172"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A carbon dioxide (CO2) sensor based on light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy (LITES) using a 2 \u03bcm diode laser and a self-designed low-frequency trapezoidal-head QTF is reported for the first time in this invited paper. The self-designed trapezoidal-head QTF with a low resonant frequency of 9464.18 Hz and a high quality factor (Q) of 12,133.56 can significantly increase the accumulation time and signal level of the CO2-LITES sensor. A continuous-wave (CW) distributed-feedback (DFB) diode laser is used as the light source, and the strongest absorption line of CO2 located at 2004.01 nm is chosen. A comparison between the standard commercial QTF with the resonant frequency of 32.768 kHz and the self-designed trapezoidal-head QTF is performed. The experimental results show that the CO2-LITES sensor with the self-designed trapezoidal-head QTF has an excellent linear response to CO2 concentration, and its minimum detection limit (MDL) can reach 46.08 ppm (parts per million). When the average time is increased to 100 s based on the Allan variance analysis, the MDL of the sensor can be improved to 3.59 ppm. Compared with the 16.85 ppm of the CO2-LITES sensor with the commercial QTF, the performance is improved by 4.7 times, demonstrating the superiority of the self-designed trapezoidal-head QTF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25072099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T03:35:28Z","timestamp":1743132928000},"page":"2099","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["LITES-Based Sensitive CO2 Detection Using 2 \u03bcm Diode Laser and Self-Designed 9.5 kHz Quartz Tuning Fork"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Junjie","family":"Mu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Laser Spatial Information, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinfeng","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Laser Spatial Information, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoqi","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunda","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Laser Spatial Information, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Laser Spatial Information, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9788-7984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yufei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Laser Spatial Information, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1061664","article-title":"CO2 and climate change","volume":"292","author":"Crowley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2022.112111","article-title":"Renewable energy and climate change","volume":"158","author":"Olabi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawamoto, R., Mochizuki, H., Moriguchi, Y., Motohashi, M., and Sakai, Y. (2019). Estimation of CO2 emissions of internal combustion engine vehicle and battery electric vehicle using LCA. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11092690"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2023.107019","article-title":"Machine learning reveals the effects of drivers on PM2.5 and CO2 based on ensemble source apportionment method","volume":"295","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14476","article-title":"The effects of climate change on respiratory allergy and asthma induced by pollen and mold allergens","volume":"75","author":"Amato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4290(01)00179-4","article-title":"Effects of atmospheric CO2 concentration on wheat yield: Review of results from experiments using various approaches to control CO2 concentration","volume":"73","author":"Amthor","year":"2001","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2021.129598","article-title":"CO2 gas sensing with an electrolyte-gated transistor using impedance spectroscopy. Sens","volume":"334","author":"Ersoez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240061","DOI":"10.29026\/oea.2024.240061","article-title":"Soliton microcomb generation by cavity polygon modes","volume":"7","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opto-Electron. Adv."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2023.100553","article-title":"Light-induced thermoelastic sensor for ppb-level H2S detection in a SF6 gas matrices exploiting a mini-multi-pass cell and quartz tuning fork photodetector","volume":"33","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230024","DOI":"10.29026\/oes.2023.230024","article-title":"Flat soliton microcomb source","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opto-Electron. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220016","DOI":"10.29026\/oea.2023.220016","article-title":"Brillouin scattering spectrum for liquid detection and applications in oceanography","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opto-Electron. Adv."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-023-01271-7","article-title":"Early cancer detection by SERS spectroscopy and machine learning","volume":"12","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230019","DOI":"10.29026\/oes.2023.230019","article-title":"Optical trapping of optical nanoparticles: Fundamentals and applications","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opto-Electron. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230094","DOI":"10.29026\/oea.2023.230094","article-title":"Ferroelectrically modulate the Fermi level of graphene oxide to enhance SERS response","volume":"6","author":"Shao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opto-Electron. Adv."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2024.100644","article-title":"Dual-tube MEMS-based spectrophone for sub-ppb mid-IR photoacoustic gas detection","volume":"40","author":"Russo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2024.100655","article-title":"Calibration-free infrared absorption spectroscopy using cantilever-enhanced photoacoustic detection of the optical power","volume":"40","author":"Rossi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-024-01459-5","article-title":"Ultra-highly sensitive dual gases detection based on photoacoustic spectroscopy by exploiting a long-wave; high-power; wide-tunable; single-longitudinal-mode solid-state laser","volume":"13","author":"Qiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1080\/05704928.2020.1857258","article-title":"Recent progress on laser absorption spectroscopy for determination of gaseous chemical species","volume":"57","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, K., Guo, R., Zhou, Y., Jiao, L., and Dong, D. (2022). Detection of NH3 in poultry housing based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy combined with a micro circular absorption cell. Front. Phys., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2022.1051719"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y.J., Ma, H.X., Qiao, S.D., He, Y., Fang, C., Li, Q., Zhou, S., and Ma, Y.F. (2025). Rapid ppb-Level methane detection based on quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy. Anal. Chem.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c00154"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2024.100657","article-title":"Miniature optical fiber photoacoustic spectroscopy gas sensor based on a 3D micro-printed planar-spiral spring optomechanical resonator","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100683","article-title":"A high sensitive methane QEPAS sensor based on self-designed trapezoidal-head quartz tuning fork and high power diode laser","volume":"42","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5200","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c06588","article-title":"Dual-component gas sensor based on light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy and deep learning","volume":"97","author":"Hou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2024.137168","article-title":"Multi-resonator T-type photoacoustic cell based photoacoustic spectroscopy gas sensor for simultaneous measurement C2H2. CH4 and CO2","volume":"427","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator B-Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.27.001902","article-title":"Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy","volume":"27","author":"Kosterev","year":"2002","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2024.100625","article-title":"Effect of gas turbulence in quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy: A comprehensive flow field analysis","volume":"38","author":"Zifarelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2024.100629","article-title":"Sub-ppb level HCN photoacoustic sensor employing dual-tube resonator enhanced clamp-type tuning fork and U-net neural network noise filter","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2024.100585","article-title":"Carbon monoxide impurities in hydrogen detected with resonant photoacoustic cell using a mid-IR laser source","volume":"36","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32103","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.032103","article-title":"Quartz-tuning-fork enhanced photothermal spectroscopy for ultra-high sensitive trace gas detection","volume":"26","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230230","DOI":"10.29026\/oea.2024.230230","article-title":"A highly sensitive LITES sensor based on a multi-pass cell with dense spot pattern and a novel quartz tuning fork with low frequency","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opto-Electron. Adv."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2023.100448","article-title":"Methane and ethane detection from natural gas level down to trace concentrations using a compact mid-IR LITES sensor based on univariate calibration","volume":"29","author":"Zifarelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2023.100560","article-title":"Integrated near-infrared fiber-optic photoacoustic sensing demodulator for ultra-high sensitivity gas detection","volume":"33","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1364\/PRJ.541564","article-title":"Hydrogen-enhanced light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy sensing","volume":"13","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Photonics Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0024","DOI":"10.34133\/ultrafastscience.0024","article-title":"Highly sensitive and fast hydrogen detection based on light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy","volume":"3","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ultrafast Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240013","DOI":"10.29026\/oes.2024.240013","article-title":"Highly sensitive and real-simultaneous CH4\/C2H2 dual-gas LITES sensor based on Lissajous pattern multi-pass cell","volume":"3","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opto-Electron. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220085","DOI":"10.29026\/oea.2023.220085","article-title":"Broadband all-fiber optical phase modulator based on photo-thermal effect in a gas-filled hollow-core fiber","volume":"6","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opto-Electron. Adv."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.37188\/lam.2025.001","article-title":"Design of multipass cell with dense spot patterns and its performance in a light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy-based methane sensor","volume":"6","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Light Adv. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2024.100605","article-title":"Cantilever-enhanced dual-comb photoacoustic spectroscopy","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"23","article-title":"Fabry-Perot-based phase demodulation of heterodyne light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy","volume":"4","author":"Lang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Light Adv. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9819","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3059905","article-title":"Graphene-enhanced quartz tuning fork for laser-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy","volume":"21","author":"Lou","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240275","DOI":"10.29026\/oea.2025.240275","article-title":"Highly sensitive laser spectroscopy sensing based on a novel four-prong quartz tuning fork","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opto-Electron. Adv."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100699","article-title":"Highly sensitive H2S-LITES sensor with 80 m fiber-coupled multi-pass cell based on optical path multiplexing technology","volume":"42","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2024.100635","article-title":"Simultaneous measurement of methane, propane and isobutane using a compact mid-infrared photoacoustic spectrophone","volume":"39","author":"Mei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041412","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0214874","article-title":"A novel tapered quartz tuning fork-based laser spectroscopy sensing","volume":"11","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2023.100559","article-title":"Ppbv-level mid-infrared photoacoustic sensor for mouth alcohol test after consuming lychee fruits","volume":"33","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9423","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.554266","article-title":"Load capacitance matching for resonant frequency adjusting-based multi-quartz tuning fork-enhanced laser spectroscopic sensing","volume":"33","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100686","article-title":"A light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy using surface mounted device quartz tuning fork","volume":"42","author":"Bi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2023.100557","article-title":"Ppb-level NH3 photoacoustic sensor combining a hammer-shaped tuning fork and a 9.55 \u03bcm quantum cascade laser","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/7\/2099\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:02:59Z","timestamp":1760029379000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/7\/2099"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s25072099"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s25072099","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]}}}