{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T22:39:02Z","timestamp":1782254342634,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic","award":["101136607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101136607"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s HORIZON EUROPE research and innovation programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101136607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101136607"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Long QT syndrome (LQTS) presents a group of inheritable channelopathies with prolonged ventricular repolarization, leading to syncope, ventricular tachycardia, and sudden death. Differentiating LQTS genotypes is crucial for targeted management and treatment, yet conventional genetic testing remains costly and time-consuming. This study aims to improve the distinction between LQTS genotypes, particularly LQT3, through a novel electrocardiogram (ECG)-based approach. Patients with LQT3 are at elevated risk due to arrhythmia triggers associated with rest and sleep. Employing a database of genotyped long QT syndrome E-HOL-03-0480-013 ECG signals, we introduced two innovative parameterization techniques\u2014area under the ECG curve and wave transformation into the unit circle\u2014to classify LQT3 against LQT1 and LQT2 genotypes. Our methodology utilized single-lead ECG data with a 200 Hz sampling frequency. The support vector machine (SVM) model demonstrated the ability to discriminate LQT3 with a recall of 90% and a precision of 81%, achieving an F1-score of 0.85. This parameterization offers a potential substitute for genetic testing and is practical for low frequencies. These single-lead ECG data could enhance smartwatches\u2019 functionality and similar cardiovascular monitoring applications. The results underscore the viability of ECG morphology-based genotype classification, promising a significant step towards streamlined diagnosis and improved patient care in LQTS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25072253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T04:33:43Z","timestamp":1743654823000},"page":"2253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Electrocardiographic Discrimination of Long QT Syndrome Genotypes: A Comparative Analysis and Machine Learning Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4831-2391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Srutova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9844-7617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vaclav","family":"Kremen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Czech Institute of Informatics, Robotics and Cybernetics, Czech Technical University in Prague, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0742-5645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lenka","family":"Lhotska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Czech Institute of Informatics, Robotics and Cybernetics, Czech Technical University in Prague, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.1.89","article-title":"Genotype-Phenotype Correlation in the Long-QT Syndrome","volume":"103","author":"Schwartz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003985","article-title":"Long QT Syndrome","volume":"129","author":"Abrams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.05.046","article-title":"Contemporary Outcomes in Patients With Long QT Syndrome","volume":"70","author":"Rohatgi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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