{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:53:22Z","timestamp":1789538002782,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]],"date-time":"2025-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aging is associated with gradual mobility decline, often undetected until it affects daily life. This study investigates the potential of smartphone-based accelerometry to detect early age-related changes in gait and stair performance in middle-aged adults. Eighty-eight healthy participants were divided into four age groups: young (20\u201335 years), early middle-aged (45\u201354 years), late middle-aged (55\u201365 years), and older adults (65\u201380 years). They completed single-task, cognitive, and physical dual-task gait assessments and stair negotiation tests. While single-task walking did not reveal early changes, cognitive dual-task cost (DTC) of stride time variability deteriorated in late middle age. A strong indicator of early mobility changes was movement similarity, measured using dynamic time warping (DTW), which declined from early middle age for both cognitive DTC and stair negotiation. These findings highlight the potential of smartphone-based assessments, particularly movement similarity, to detect subtle mobility changes in midlife, allowing for targeted interventions to promote healthy aging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25072310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T05:30:59Z","timestamp":1744003859000},"page":"2310","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Smartphone-Based Analysis for Early Detection of Aging Impact on Gait and Stair Negotiation: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2554-4939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roee","family":"Hayek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Neuromuscular & Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca T.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geriatric Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Geriatrics and Extended Care Program, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itai","family":"Gutman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Neuromuscular & Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy","family":"Baranes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Neuromuscular & Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2589-1968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shmuel","family":"Springer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Neuromuscular & Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel"},{"name":"Research Associate Canadian Center for Activity and Ageing, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300631","article-title":"Mobility and aging: New directions for public health action","volume":"102","author":"Satariano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rezaei, A., Bhat, S.G., Cheng, C.-H., Pignolo, R.J., Lu, L., and Kaufman, K.R. (2024). Age-related changes in gait, balance, and strength parameters: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0310764"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.282665","article-title":"Physiological geroscience: Targeting function to increase healthspan and achieve optimal longevity","volume":"594","author":"Seals","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-024-00692-2","article-title":"Nonlinear dynamics of multi-omics profiles during human aging","volume":"4","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2390","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-019-05244-8","article-title":"Prevalence of Activity Limitations and Association with Multimorbidity Among US Adults 50 to 64 Years Old","volume":"34","author":"Bowling","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2006.00564.x","article-title":"Middle-aged and mobility-limited: Prevalence of disability and symptom attributions in a national survey","volume":"21","author":"Gardener","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-024-02868-7","article-title":"Use of the Brief-BESTest partially instrumented with accelerometry to detect balance deterioration in middle-age","volume":"36","author":"Baranes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glac001","article-title":"Motor and Physical Function Impairments as Contributors to Slow Gait Speed and Mobility Difficulty in Middle-Aged and Older Adults","volume":"77","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peeters, G., van Schoor, N.M., Cooper, R., Tooth, L., and Kenny, R.A. (2018). Should prevention of falls start earlier? Co-ordinated analyses of harmonised data on falls in middle-aged adults across four population-based cohort studies. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201989"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-009-9152-x","article-title":"Living alone and fall risk factors in community-dwelling middle age and older adults","volume":"34","author":"Elliott","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"igae079","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igae079","article-title":"Smartphone-Based Sit-to-Stand Analysis for Mobility Assessment in Middle Age","volume":"8","author":"Hayek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Innov. Aging"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/15427609.2015.1068048","article-title":"Mind the Gap in the Middle: A Call to Study Midlife","volume":"12","author":"Lachman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.06.012","article-title":"Do spatiotemporal parameters and gait variability differ across the lifespan of healthy adults? A systematic review","volume":"64","author":"Herssens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2024.01.005","article-title":"Spatiotemporal gait characteristics across the adult lifespan: Reference values from a healthy population\u2013Analysis of the COmPLETE cohort study","volume":"109","author":"Wagner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s11556-021-00275-9","article-title":"The age-related decline in spatiotemporal gait characteristics is moderated by concerns of falling, history of falls & diseases, and sociodemographic-anthropometric characteristics in 60-94\u2009years old adults","volume":"18","author":"Niederer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Aging Phys. Act. Off. J. Eur. Group Res. Elder. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"46","article-title":"White paper: \u201cWalking speed: The sixth vital sign\u201d","volume":"32","author":"Fritz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Phys. Ther. 2001"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.2013-0236","article-title":"Walking Speed: The Functional Vital Sign","volume":"23","author":"Middleton","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Aging Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2018.06.005","article-title":"The slowing down phenomenon: What is the age of major gait velocity decline?","volume":"115","author":"Mingoti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weston, A.R., Lohse, K.R., Kittelson, A., King, L.A., Carlson-Kuhta, P., Dibble, L.E., and Mancini, M. (2024). Turning speed as a more responsive metric of age-related decline in mobility: A comparative study with gait speed. Clin. Biomech. Bristol Avon, 113.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2024.106196"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alapatt, L.J., Peel, N.M., Reid, N., Gray, L.C., and Hubbard, R.E. (2020). The Effect of Age on Gait Speed When Texting. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17020599"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(23)00009-0","article-title":"The age-related contribution of cognitive function to dual-task gait in middle-aged adults in Spain: Observations from a population-based study\u2013PubMed","volume":"4","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.12965\/jer.1938384.192","article-title":"Application of dynamic time warping algorithm for pattern similarity of gait","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exerc. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, B., Jiang, S., Yan, K., and Wei, D. (2011). Human Walking Analysis, Evaluation and Classification Based on Motion Capture System. Health Management\u2013Different Approaches and Solutions, InTech.","DOI":"10.5772\/21387"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2014.09.024","article-title":"Effect of age on the variability and stability of gait: A cross-sectional treadmill study in healthy individuals between 20 and 69 years of age","volume":"41","author":"Terrier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e395","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnz113","article-title":"Ecological Gait as a Fall Indicator in Older Adults: A Systematic Review","volume":"60","author":"Job","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/63.12.1335","article-title":"Dual-task decrements in gait: Contributing factors among healthy older adults","volume":"63","author":"Hausdorff","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2020.09.014","article-title":"Effects of the use of mobile phone on postural and locomotor tasks: A scoping review","volume":"82","author":"Bruyneel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3415","DOI":"10.1108\/ECAM-03-2021-0245","article-title":"Effects of load carrying techniques on gait parameters, dynamic balance, and physiological parameters during a manual material handling task","volume":"29","author":"Anwer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eng. Constr. Archit. Manag."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.2114\/jpa2.29.29","article-title":"Relationship among Gait Parameters while Walking with Varying Loads","volume":"29","author":"Demur","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"4571","article-title":"Effect of Carrying Symmetric and Asymmetric Weights on Gait Parameters and Lateral Spinal Flexion","volume":"4","author":"Das","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2020.3044260","article-title":"Acceleration Gait Measures as Proxies for Motor Skill of Walking: A Narrative Review","volume":"29","author":"Dasgupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benson, L.C., R\u00e4is\u00e4nen, A.M., Clermont, C.A., and Ferber, R. (2022). Is This the Real Life, or Is This Just Laboratory? A Scoping Review of IMU-Based Running Gait Analysis. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22051722"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-021-00514-4","article-title":"A systematic review of smartphone-based human activity recognition methods for health research","volume":"4","author":"Straczkiewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.09.030","article-title":"Reliability and validity of a smartphone-based assessment of gait parameters across walking speed and smartphone locations: Body, bag, belt, hand, and pocket","volume":"58","author":"Silsupadol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Bacco, V.E., and Gage, W.H. (2024). Monitoring Age-Related Changes in Gait Complexity in the Wild with a Smartphone Accelerometer System. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24227175"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2018.05.008","article-title":"Aging may negatively impact movement smoothness during stair negotiation","volume":"60","author":"Dixon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2016.06.030","article-title":"A review of stairway falls and stair negotiation: Lessons learned and future needs to reduce injury","volume":"49","author":"Jacobs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Roie, E., Van Driessche, S., Huijben, B., Baggen, R., van Lummel, R.C., and Delecluse, C. (2019). A body-fixed-sensor-based analysis of stair ascent and sit-to-stand to detect age-related differences in leg-extensor power. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210653"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14601","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14601","article-title":"Minimal power required to ascend a flight of stairs versus actual power measured with body-fixed sensors in adults aged 19-85\u2009years","volume":"34","author":"Meulemans","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayek, R., Gottlieb, U., Gutman, I., Kingma, I., and Springer, S. (2022). Can stabilization analysis following a single leg drop jump be compared between young and middle-aged adults. J. Biomech., 143.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2022.111269"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naaman, T., Hayek, R., Gutman, I., and Springer, S. (2023). Young, but not in the dark\u2014The influence of reduced lighting on gait stability in middle-aged adults. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.01.04.522698"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2023, January 30). Your Smartphone Is a Mobile Lab. Available online: https:\/\/phyphox.org."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045009","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6552\/aac05e","article-title":"Advanced tools for smartphone-based experiments: Phyphox","volume":"53","author":"Staacks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Educ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crowley, P., Madeleine, P., and Vuillerme, N. (2019). The effects of mobile phone use on walking: A dual task study. BMC Res. Notes, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4391-0"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2006.08.005","article-title":"Age-related differences in spatiotemporal markers of gait stability during dual task walking","volume":"26","author":"Hollman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Zhang, B., Yan, K., Jiang, S., and Wei, D. (2008, January 8\u201311). Walking stability analysis by age based on Dynamic Time Warping. Proceedings of the 2008 8th IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2009.11.003","article-title":"A body-fixed-sensor-based analysis of power during sit-to-stand movements","volume":"31","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muscillo, R., Conforto, S., Schmid, M., Caselli, P., and D\u2019Alessio, T. (2007, January 22\u201326). Classification of Motor Activities through Derivative Dynamic Time Warping applied on Accelerometer Data. Proceedings of the 2007 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Lyon, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2007.4353446"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiske, F., B\u00f6hme, M., J\u00e4kel, J., Zentner, J., and Witt, M. (2021). Stair ascent comparison of lower limb kinematics with differing time normalization techniques. J. Biomech., 119.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2021.110316"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesf.2018.09.001","article-title":"Performance of older adults under dual task during stair descent","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exerc. Sci. Fit."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024338","article-title":"Effect size estimates: Current use, calculations, and interpretation","volume":"141","author":"Fritz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.08.008","article-title":"Cognitive motor interference while walking: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Dawes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schimpl, M., Moore, C., Lederer, C., Neuhaus, A., Sambrook, J., Danesh, J., Ouwehand, W., and Daumer, M. (2011). Association between Walking Speed and Age in Healthy, Free-Living Individuals Using Mobile Accelerometry\u2014A Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023299"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2023.112200","article-title":"Dual-task walking on real-world surfaces: Adaptive changes in walking speed, step width and step height in young and older adults","volume":"177","author":"Hennah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20090043","article-title":"How Does Explicit Prioritization Alter Walking During Dual-Task Performance? Effects of Age and Sex on Gait Speed and Variability","volume":"90","author":"Mirelman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, M., Leung, L.Y., Lim, Z.Y., Ang, R.W., Ip, H.M., Lee, X.Q., Lim, K.Y., Teoh, L.C., and Yeung, M.T. (2024). Reference Values for Habitual and Fast Gait Speed in Singapore Adults Aged 21 to 80. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13123507"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.09.008","article-title":"Evaluation of age-related differences in the stride-to-stride fluctuations, regularity and symmetry of gait using a waist-mounted tri-axial accelerometer","volume":"39","author":"Kobsar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.10.008","article-title":"Revealing the optimal thresholds for movement performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis to benchmark pathological walking behaviour","volume":"108","author":"Ravi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.03.035","article-title":"Revealing the quality of movement: A meta-analysis review to quantify the thresholds to pathological variability during standing and walking","volume":"68","author":"Taylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrison, L., Dyer, A.H., Dolphin, H., Killane, I., Bourke, N.M., Widdowson, M., Woods, C.P., Gibney, J., Reilly, R.B., and Kennelly, S.P. (2024). Discrete Relationships between Spatiotemporal Gait Characteristics and Domain-Specific Neuropsychological Performance in Midlife. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24123903"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.04.005","article-title":"Dual tasking affects lateral trunk control in healthy younger and older adults","volume":"38","author":"Asai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.12.014","article-title":"Variability of gait is dependent on direction of progression: Implications for active control","volume":"45","author":"Wurdeman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.05.001","article-title":"Mobile phone use is detrimental for gait stability in young adults","volume":"88","author":"Tandon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, C.-Y., Chen, P.-Y., Wen, T.-J., and Jan, G.E. (2019). IMU Consensus Exception Detection with Dynamic Time Warping-A Comparative Approach. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19102237"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2019.102562","article-title":"A scoping review of non-linear analysis approaches measuring variability in gait due to lower body injury or dysfunction","volume":"69","author":"Strongman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20080130","article-title":"Movement variability and the use of nonlinear tools: Principles to guide physical therapist practice","volume":"89","author":"Harbourne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kribus-Shmiel, L., Zeilig, G., Sokolovski, B., and Plotnik, M. (2018). How many strides are required for a reliable estimation of temporal gait parameters? Implementation of a new algorithm on the phase coordination index. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192049"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barth, J., Oberndorfer, C., Kugler, P., Schuldhaus, D., Winkler, J., Klucken, J., and Eskofier, B. (2013, January 3\u20137). Subsequence dynamic time warping as a method for robust step segmentation using gyroscope signals of daily life activities. Proceedings of the 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Osaka, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2013.6611104"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2016.02.017","article-title":"Carrying shopping bags does not alter static postural stability and gait parameters in healthy older females","volume":"46","author":"Bampouras","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2014.07.015","article-title":"The effect of increase in baggage weight on elderly women\u2019s lower extremity muscle activation during gait","volume":"59","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.12.031","article-title":"Functional Muscle Power Testing in Young, Middle-Aged, and Community-Dwelling Nonfrail and Prefrail Older Adults","volume":"92","author":"Zech","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Psaltos, D.J., Mamashli, F., Adamusiak, T., Demanuele, C., Santamaria, M., and Czech, M.D. (2022). Wearable-Based Stair Climb Power Estimation and Activity Classification. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22176600"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20848","article-title":"Dual-tasking effects on gait variability: The role of aging, falls, and executive function","volume":"21","author":"Springer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shapiro, M., Shaki, S., Gottlieb, U., and Springer, S. (2022). Random walk: Random number generation during backward and forward walking- the role of aging. Front. Aging Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.888979"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/7\/2310\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:10:46Z","timestamp":1760029846000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/7\/2310"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s25072310"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s25072310","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]]}}}