{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:24:07Z","timestamp":1790659447947,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]],"date-time":"2025-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101016956"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101016956"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2022C338Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2022C338Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"PRIN 2022 PNNR","award":["101016956"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101016956"]}]},{"name":"PRIN 2022 PNNR","award":["P2022C338Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2022C338Z"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents the performance of a multi-gas sensor for greenhouse detection based on quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS). The QEPAS sensor exploits an innovative, compact three-wavelength laser module as excitation source. The module integrates three interband cascade laser chips with a beam combining system, all enclosed in a compact metallic package with sizes of 40 \u00d7 52 \u00d7 17 mm to generate a single output beam. The multi-gas QEPAS sensor was tested in a laboratory environment for the sequential detection of two greenhouse gases, methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), and a precursor greenhouse gas, carbon monoxide (CO). At an integration time of 100 ms, minimum detection limits of 21 ppb, 363 ppb, and 156 ppb, were estimated for CH4, CO2, and CO detection, respectively, all well below their natural abundance in air.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25082442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T04:42:07Z","timestamp":1744605727000},"page":"2442","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Greenhouse Gases Detection Exploiting a Multi-Wavelength Interband Cascade Laser Source in a Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3563-2206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"De Palo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Polytechnic of Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9275-4129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicoletta","family":"Ardito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Polytechnic of Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1875-4671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Zifarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Polytechnic of Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Sampaolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Polytechnic of Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"PolySense Innovations srl, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2603-7648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marilena","family":"Giglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Polytechnic of Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Patimisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Polytechnic of Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"PolySense Innovations srl, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5017-0396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ezio","family":"Ranieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Biologia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Weih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanoplus Advanced Photonics Gerbrunn GmbH, Oberer Kirschberg 4, 97218 Gerbrunn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6764-7799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josephine","family":"Nausch\u00fctz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanoplus Advanced Photonics Gerbrunn GmbH, Oberer Kirschberg 4, 97218 Gerbrunn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"K\u00f6nig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanoplus Advanced Photonics Gerbrunn GmbH, Oberer Kirschberg 4, 97218 Gerbrunn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4867-8166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Spagnolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Polytechnic of Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"PolySense Innovations srl, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, June 14). 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