{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:11:00Z","timestamp":1760058660961,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Experimental Practice Fund of the Faculty of Health and Sports Science at Doshisha University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to examine how physiological determinants are associated with skiing technique and race performance in cross-country roller skiing by integrating motion data obtained via a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) with laboratory-based physiological assessments. Nineteen well-trained male skiers completed a 10 km roller ski race, during which skiing velocity, cycle length, cycle time, and sub-technique usage were measured using GNSS. Whole-body and upper-body endurance and power were evaluated on the treadmill and ski ergometer. Time to exhaustion during the double poling test (r = \u22120.84, p &lt; 0.01) and VO2max from the pole walk and run test (r = \u22120.72, p &lt; 0.01) were the strongest predictors of race performance, and both were significantly associated with skiing velocity (VO2max: r = 0.79, p &lt; 0.01; TTE-DPT: r = 0.81, p &lt; 0.01) and cycle length (VO2max: r = 0.58, p &lt; 0.01; TTE-DPT: r = 0.47, p &lt; 0.05) in the most frequently used technique. These findings suggest that the development of both whole-body and upper-body endurance plays a crucial role in improving technical efficiency and race performances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25082521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T04:16:21Z","timestamp":1744863381000},"page":"2521","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations Between Physiological Determinants and GNSS-Derived Technical Characteristics in Cross-Country Roller Skiing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3779-887X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shunya","family":"Uda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan"},{"name":"Research Center for Sports Sensing, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoto","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Sports Sensing, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wako","family":"Kajiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan"},{"name":"Research Center for Sports Sensing, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Nakano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan"},{"name":"Research Center for Sports Sensing, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3372-8165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keisuke","family":"Onodera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan"},{"name":"Research Center for Sports Sensing, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Education and Welfare, Biwako-Gakuin University, 29 Fusecho, Higashiomi 527-8533, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryoji","family":"Horimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takato","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2438-5692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaki","family":"Takeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Sports Sensing, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2014-0431","article-title":"Maximal aerobic capacity in the winter-Olympics endurance disciplines: Olympic-medal benchmarks for the time period 1990\u20132013","volume":"10","author":"Tonnessen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. 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