{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T20:26:38Z","timestamp":1773779198376,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007847","name":"Jilin Province Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YDZJ202501ZYTS641"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YDZJ202501ZYTS641"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007847","name":"Jilin Province Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YDZJ202301ZYTS409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YDZJ202301ZYTS409"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007847","name":"Jilin Province Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62161049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62161049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007847","name":"Jilin Province Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62201492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62201492"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YDZJ202501ZYTS641"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YDZJ202501ZYTS641"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YDZJ202301ZYTS409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YDZJ202301ZYTS409"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62161049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62161049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62201492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62201492"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the rapid development of intelligent driving technology, in-vehicle bus networks face increasingly stringent requirements for real-time performance and data transmission. Traditional bus network technologies such as LIN, CAN, and FlexRay are showing significant limitations in terms of bandwidth and response speed. In-Vehicle Ethernet, with its advantages of high bandwidth, low latency, and high reliability, has become the core technology for next-generation in-vehicle communication networks. This study focuses on bandwidth waste caused by guard bands and the limitations of Frame Pre-Emption in fully utilizing available bandwidth in In-Vehicle Ethernet. It aims to optimize TSN scheduling mechanisms by enhancing scheduling flexibility and bandwidth utilization, rather than modeling system-level vehicle functions. Based on the Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) protocol, this paper proposes an innovative Adaptive Frame Segmentation (AFS) algorithm. The AFS algorithm enhances the performance of In-Vehicle Ethernet message transmission through flexible frame segmentation and efficient message scheduling. Experimental results indicate that the AFS algorithm achieves an average local bandwidth utilization of 94.16%, improving by 4.35%, 5.65%, and 30.48% over Frame Pre-Emption, Packet-Size Aware Scheduling (PAS), and Improved Qbv algorithms, respectively. The AFS algorithm demonstrates stability and efficiency in complex network traffic scenarios, reducing bandwidth waste and improving In-Vehicle Ethernet\u2019s real-time performance and responsiveness. This study provides critical technical support for efficient communication in intelligent connected vehicles, further advancing the development and application of In-Vehicle Ethernet technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25082522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T06:53:46Z","timestamp":1744872826000},"page":"2522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Study of In-Vehicle Ethernet Message Scheduling Based on the Adaptive Frame Segmentation Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Jiaoyue","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9339-0866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yujing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yihu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaihang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4130-644X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4651","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2023.3324949","article-title":"AERO: Automotive ethernet real-time observer for anomaly detection in in-Vehicle networks","volume":"20","author":"Jeong","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2888904","article-title":"Networking and communications in autonomous driving: A survey","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14375","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3264909","article-title":"A survey on in-vehicle time-sensitive networking","volume":"10","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2021.102137","article-title":"Time-sensitive networking in automotive embedded systems: State of the art and research opportunities","volume":"117","author":"Ashjaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Syst. Archit."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103286","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3209824","article-title":"Performance enhancement of in-vehicle 10BASE-T1S ethernet using node prioritization and packet segmentation","volume":"10","author":"Min","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.23919\/JCN.2021.000001","article-title":"Simulating TSN traffic scheduling and shaping for future automotive Ethernet","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6335","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3082464","article-title":"An architecture for in-vehicle networks","volume":"70","author":"Walrand","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H.J., Choi, M.H., Kim, M.H., and Lee, S. (2021). Development of an ethernet-based heuristic time-sensitive networking scheduling algorithm for real-time in-vehicle data transmission. Electronics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10020157"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2015). IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks-Bridges and Bridged Networks-Amendment 25: Enhancements for Scheduled Traffic (Standard No. IEEE 802.1Qbv-2015)."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2016). Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks-Bridges and Bridged Networks-Amendment 26: Frame Preemption (Standard No. IEEE Std 802.1Qbu-2016)."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., and Park, S. (2019). Time-sensitive network (TSN) experiment in sensor-based integrated environment for autonomous driving. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051111"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s42045-020-00031-0","article-title":"Packet-size aware scheduling algorithms in guard band for time sensitive networking","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"CCF Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10664","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3353466","article-title":"Proposal and investigation of a lite time sensitive networking solution for the support of real time services in space launcher networks","volume":"12","author":"Fiori","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., and Huang, J. (2023). A survey on time-sensitive networking standards and applications for intelligent driving. Processes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11072211"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2023.102911","article-title":"Supporting end-to-end data propagation delay analysis for TSN-based distributed vehicular embedded systems","volume":"141","author":"Houtan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Syst. Archit."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61192","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3286370","article-title":"A survey of scheduling algorithms for the time-aware shaper in time-sensitive networking (TSN)","volume":"11","author":"Osswald","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5774","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2022.3184069","article-title":"Deadline-Aware online scheduling of TSN flows for automotive applications","volume":"19","author":"Patti","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2899","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2022.3180160","article-title":"Quantitative performance comparison of various traffic shapers in time-sensitive networking","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1109\/LES.2021.3103061","article-title":"Implications of various preemption configurations in TSN networks","volume":"14","author":"Ashjaei","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Embed. Syst. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2021.102037","article-title":"A novel frame preemption model in TSN networks","volume":"116","author":"Ashjaei","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Syst. Archit."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bello, L.L., Patti, G., and Leonardi, L. (2023). A perspective on ethernet in automotive communications-Current status and future trends. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13031278"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43187","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3168136","article-title":"Worst-Case latency analysis for AVB traffic under overlapping-based time-triggered windows in time-sensitive networks","volume":"10","author":"Shalghum","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2016). Standard for Ethernet Amendment 5: Specification and Management Parameters for Interspersing Express Traffic (Standard No. IEEE Std 802.3br-2016)."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.62760\/iteecs.3.1.2024.70","article-title":"An efficient design of a basic autonomous vehicle based on CAN bus","volume":"3","author":"Ali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Trans. Electr. Eng. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95161","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3204746","article-title":"Android head units vs. In-vehicle ECUs: Performance assessment for deploying in-vehicle intrusion detection systems for the CAN bus","volume":"10","author":"Andreica","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/8\/2522\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:16:19Z","timestamp":1760030179000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/8\/2522"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s25082522"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s25082522","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]}}}