{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:10:51Z","timestamp":1760058651382,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traditional spacecraft orbit determination primarily employs two methodologies: ground station\/survey ship-based orbit determination and global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-based orbit determination. The ground tracking measurement system, reliant on multiple tracking stations or ships, presents a less favorable efficiency-to-cost ratio. For high-orbit satellites, GNSS orbit determination is hindered by a limited number of receivable satellites, weak signal strength and suboptimal geometric configurations, thereby failing to meet the demands for the continuous, high-precision orbit measurement of overseas high-orbit satellites. Satellite navigation systems, characterized by global coverage and Ka-band inter-satellite links, offer measurement and communication services to extended users, such as satellites, aircraft, space stations and other spacecraft. With the widespread adoption of navigation satellite systems, particularly in scenarios where ground tracking, telemetry and command (TT&amp;C) stations are out of sight, there is a growing demand among users for Ka-band inter-satellite links for high-precision ranging and orbit determination. This paper introduces an innovative unidirectional orbit-determination technology for extended users, leveraging the navigation Ka-band inter-satellite link. When extended users are constrained by weight and power consumption limitations, preventing the incorporation of high-precision atomic clocks, they utilize their extensive capture capability to conduct distance measurements between navigation satellites. This process involves constructing clock error models, calculating clock error parameters and compensating for these errors, thereby achieving high-precision time\u2013frequency synchronization and bidirectional communication. The technology has enhanced the time and frequency accuracies by three and two orders of magnitude, respectively. Following the establishment of bidirectional communication, unidirectional ranging values are collected daily for one hour. Utilizing these bidirectional ranging values, a mechanical model and state-transfer matrix are established, resulting in orbit-determination calculations with an accuracy of less than 100 m. This approach addresses the challenge of high-precision time\u2013frequency synchronization and orbit determination for users without atomic clocks, utilizing minimal inter-satellite link time slot resources. For the first time in China, extended users can access the navigation inter-satellite link with a minimal allocation of time slot resources, achieving orbit determination at the 100 m level. This advancement significantly enhances the robustness of extended users and provides substantial technical support for various extended users to employ the Ka inter-satellite link for emergency communication and orbit determination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25082566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T06:23:56Z","timestamp":1744957436000},"page":"2566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unidirectional Orbit Determination for Extended Users Based on Navigation Ka-Band Inter-Satellite Links"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Yong","family":"Shangguan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"},{"name":"Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, Beijing 100076, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, Beijing 100076, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5600-6589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenjin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, Beijing 100076, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haihan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, Beijing 100076, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, Beijing 100076, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.2514\/1.A34061","article-title":"Orbit determination of low earth orbiting satellites using space based augmentation systems","volume":"55","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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