{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:04:43Z","timestamp":1791936283928,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]],"date-time":"2025-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U21A20117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U21A20117"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023MS134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023MS134"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["U21A20117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U21A20117"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2023MS134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023MS134"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wind energy is a vital pillar of modern sustainable power generation, yet wind turbine generators remain vulnerable to incipient inter-turn short-circuit (ITSC) faults in their stator windings. These faults can cause fluctuations in the output voltage, frequency, and power of wind turbines, eventually leading to overheating, equipment damage, and rising maintenance costs if not detected early. Although significant progress has been made in condition monitoring, the current methods still fall short of the robustness required for early fault diagnosis in complex operational settings. To address this gap, this study presents a novel deep learning framework that involves traditional baseline machine-learning algorithms and advanced deep network architectures to diagnose seven distinct ITSC fault types using signals from current, vibration, and axial magnetic flux sensors. Our approach is rigorously evaluated using metrics such as confusion matrices, accuracy, recall, average precision (AP), mean average precision (mAP), hypothesis testing, and feature visualization. The experimental results demonstrate that deep learning models outperform machine learning algorithms in terms of precision and stability, achieving an mAP of 99.25% in fault identification, with three-phase current signals emerging as the most reliable indicator of generator faults compared to vibration and electromagnetic data. It is recommended to combine three-phase current sensors with deep learning frameworks for the precise identification of various types of incipient ITSC faults. This study offers a robust and efficient pipeline for condition monitoring and ITSC fault diagnosis, enabling the intelligent operation of wind turbines and maintenance of their operating states. Ultimately, it contributes to providing a practical way forward in enhancing turbine reliability and lifespan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25082599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]],"date-time":"2025-04-20T20:24:16Z","timestamp":1745180656000},"page":"2599","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Deep Learning-Based Fault Diagnosis via Multisensor-Aware Data for Incipient Inter-Turn Short Circuits (ITSC) in Wind Turbine Generators"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Qinglong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China"},{"name":"Hebei Engineering Research Center for Advanced Manufacturing & Intelligent Operation and Maintenance of Electric Power Machinery, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shihao","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China"},{"name":"Hebei Engineering Research Center for Advanced Manufacturing & Intelligent Operation and Maintenance of Electric Power Machinery, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Entuo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China"},{"name":"Hebei Engineering Research Center for Advanced Manufacturing & Intelligent Operation and Maintenance of Electric Power Machinery, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China"},{"name":"Hebei Engineering Research Center for Advanced Manufacturing & Intelligent Operation and Maintenance of Electric Power Machinery, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China"},{"name":"Hebei Engineering Research Center for Advanced Manufacturing & Intelligent Operation and Maintenance of Electric Power Machinery, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4918-9217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Digital Steel, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2018.12.066","article-title":"Reliability improvement of wind turbine power generation using model-based fault detection and fault tolerant control: A review","volume":"135","author":"Habibi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. 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