{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:17:54Z","timestamp":1787840274906,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]],"date-time":"2025-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Manitoba","award":["ALLRP-576386-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALLRP-576386-22"]}]},{"name":"University of Manitoba","award":["ALLRP-578524-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALLRP-578524-22"]}]},{"name":"University of Manitoba","award":["ALLRP 586244-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALLRP 586244-23"]}]},{"name":"University of Manitoba","award":["ALLRP 597442-24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALLRP 597442-24"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ALLRP-576386-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALLRP-576386-22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ALLRP-578524-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALLRP-578524-22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ALLRP 586244-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALLRP 586244-23"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ALLRP 597442-24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALLRP 597442-24"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Therapeutic management during the acute phase of traumatic brain injury (TBI) relies on continuous multimodal cerebral physiologic monitoring to detect and prevent secondary injury. These high-resolution data streams come from various invasive\/non-invasive sensor technologies and challenge clinicians, as they are difficult to integrate into management algorithms and prognostic models. Data reduction techniques, like moving average filters, simplify data but may fail to address statistical autocorrelation and could introduce new properties, affecting model utility and interpretation. This study uses the CAnadian High-Resolution TBI (CAHR-TBI) dataset to examine the impact of temporal resolution changes (1 min to 24 h) on autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) modeling for raw and derived cerebral physiologic signals. Stationarity tests indicated that the majority of the signals required first-order differencing to address persistent trends. A grid search identified optimal ARIMA parameters (p,d,q) for each signal and resolution. Subgroup analyses revealed population-specific differences in temporal structure, and small-scale forecasting using optimal parameters confirmed model adequacy. Variations in optimal structures across signals and patients highlight the importance of tailoring ARIMA models for precise interpretation and performance. Findings show that both raw and derived indices exhibit intrinsic ARIMA components regardless of resolution. Ignoring these features risks compromising the significance of models developed from such data. This underscores the need for careful resolution considerations in temporal modeling for TBI care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25092762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T06:23:32Z","timestamp":1745821412000},"page":"2762","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Impact of Temporal Resolution on Autocorrelative Features of Cerebral Physiology from Invasive and Non-Invasive Sensors in Acute Traumatic Neural Injury: Insights from the CAHR-TBI Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2764-145X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuray","family":"Vakitbilir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Price Faculty of Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Raj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Helsinki University Hospital, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5985-8624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donald E. G.","family":"Griesdale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4487-301X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mypinder","family":"Sekhon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9121-2882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francis","family":"Bernard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurosurgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2338-4364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric P.","family":"Thelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6076-0189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Logan","family":"Froese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5983-008X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin Y.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Price Faculty of Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas H.","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel J. H.","family":"Aries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6229 Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"School of Mental Health and Neurosciences, University Maastricht, 6211 Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1737-0510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederick A.","family":"Zeiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Price Faculty of Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada"},{"name":"Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada"},{"name":"Pan Am Clinic Foundation, Winnipeg, MB R3M 3E4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2878","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09541-4","article-title":"Recent Advances in Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"266","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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