{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T22:04:34Z","timestamp":1790892274440,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004737","name":"National Health Research Institutes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NHRI-EX112-11019EI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHRI-EX112-11019EI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004737","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004737","name":"National Health Research Institutes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["111-2223-E-002-004-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111-2223-E-002-004-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004737","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004737","name":"National Health Research Institutes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NTU-114L7832"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NTU-114L7832"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004737","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["NHRI-EX112-11019EI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHRI-EX112-11019EI"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["111-2223-E-002-004-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111-2223-E-002-004-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["NTU-114L7832"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NTU-114L7832"]}]},{"name":"National Taiwan University","award":["NHRI-EX112-11019EI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHRI-EX112-11019EI"]}]},{"name":"National Taiwan University","award":["111-2223-E-002-004-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111-2223-E-002-004-MY3"]}]},{"name":"National Taiwan University","award":["NTU-114L7832"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NTU-114L7832"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Degenerative lumbar disease (DLD) affects older adults, causing lumbar degeneration and lower extremity dysfunction. The five-times sit-to-stand test (5xSTS) reveals kinematic changes associated with DLD. While marker-based motion capture systems detect these changes, their complexity limits clinical use. Markerless motion capture offers a portable alternative, yet its functional assessment applications in DLD remain underexplored. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the reliability and validity of markerless motion capture for assessing functional tests in DLD patients. Methods: This study included 11 healthy individuals (mean age: 27.28 \u00b1 6.92 years) and 10 with DLD (mean age: 70.00 \u00b1 8.08 years). Participants performed the 5xSTS while being recorded by marker-based (VICON) and markerless (MediaPipe) systems using two synchronized cameras. Test\u2013retest reliability was assessed over one week via the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Concurrent validity and agreement between VICON and MediaPipe were evaluated via Pearson\/Spearman correlation coefficients, systematic bias, and the root mean square error (RMSE). Movement time, joint excursions, and angular velocities were also analyzed and compared across two groups. Results: Both systems showed high test\u2013retest reliability (ICC: 0.81\u20130.99) and strong correlations (r: 0.75\u20130.99). The highest RMSE was observed at the ankle in the anterior\u2013posterior (A\u2013P) direction in the DLD group (54.55 mm) and at the hip A\u2013P axis in the control group (51.20 mm). The lowest RMSE was found at the knee medial\u2013lateral (M\u2013L) axis in the DLD group (7.88 mm) and at the ankle M\u2013L axis in the control group (8.54 mm). Bias values ranged from 0.30 mm (hip vertical in control group) to +53.47 mm (ankle A\u2013P in DLD group), with underestimation more common at the hip and overestimation at the ankle. The control group demonstrated a faster 5xSTS completion time (5.89 \u00b1 0.69 s vs. 8.13 \u00b1 1.96 s, p &lt; 0.05), greater hip joint excursions during sit-to-stand (65.07 \u00b1 25.94\u00b0 vs. 38.13 \u00b1 9.84\u00b0, p &lt; 0.05) and stand-to-sit (62.56 \u00b1 24.74\u00b0 vs. 27.85 \u00b1 11.45\u00b0, p &lt; 0.05) tests, and higher angular velocities compared to the DLD group. Conclusion: MediaPipe markerless motion capture can quantify 3D kinematic changes in DLD patients during functional performance. It enables a clinical evaluation with minimal setup, offers potential for remote assessment, and accurately detects sagittal plane movement. The two-camera system provides 3D kinematic data comparable to multi-camera systems, suitable for home rehabilitation and assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25103122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T06:59:16Z","timestamp":1747292356000},"page":"3122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Evaluating Degenerative Lumbar Disease with Markerless 3D Motion Capture: Reliability and Validity in Sit-to-Stand Test"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Yi-Ting","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xuzhou Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei City 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1807-2961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szu-Hua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao-Ying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy Centre, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 1, Changde St., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei City 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiu-Min","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xuzhou Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei City 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei-Yuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dar-Ming","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4577-140X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei-Li","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xuzhou Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei City 100, Taiwan"},{"name":"Physical Therapy Centre, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 1, Changde St., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei City 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.04.013","article-title":"Analyzing gait patterns in degenerative lumbar spine disease using inertial wearable sensors: An observational study","volume":"163","author":"Natarajan","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2011.09.001","article-title":"Surgery for degenerative lumbar spine disease","volume":"57","author":"Eliyas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dis. 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