{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T14:28:07Z","timestamp":1791901687551,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates a multi-scenario combustion state diagnosis system based on acoustic feature extraction techniques. In this study, the voiceprint technology is applied to combustion condition monitoring for the first time, and an integrated approach for monitoring and diagnosis is proposed by combining multiple acoustic features, such as acoustic pattern features, step index P, and frequency-domain monitoring. In this study, a premixed hydrogen combustion test bed was built to simulate common combustion faults, and the corresponding acoustic features were collected and extracted. In this study, step index P and acoustic features are used for parallel diagnostic analysis, and CNN, ANN, and BP models are used to train the four states of flameout, flameback, thermoacoustic oscillation, and stable combustion, and the training diagnostic performance of each model is compared and analyzed using a confusion matrix. It is found that CNN has the strongest classification ability, can accurately distinguish the four states, has the lowest misclassification rate, has very strong generalization ability, and has a diagnostic accuracy of 93.49%. The classification accuracy of ANN is not as good as that of CNN, and there are local fluctuations during the training process. The BP neural network has a slower convergence speed and a high error rate in recognizing the flameback and thermoacoustic oscillations. In summary, the combustion state diagnosis system based on CNN model combined with acoustic features has optimal performance, and the combination of step index P and frequency-domain monitoring in the flameback diagnosis can improve the accuracy of combustion state identification and safety control level, which provides an important theoretical basis and practical reference in the field of combustion state diagnosis and is of profound significance to ensure the safe and efficient operation of the combustion process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25103152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T09:30:38Z","timestamp":1747387838000},"page":"3152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Research on Combustion State System Diagnosis Based on Voiceprint Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Jidong","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, No. 2 Beinong Road, Huilongguan, Changping, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, No. 2 Beinong Road, Huilongguan, Changping, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liansuo","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, No. 2 Beinong Road, Huilongguan, Changping, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4404-2184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoqing","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, No. 2 Beinong Road, Huilongguan, Changping, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.128682","article-title":"Support carbon neutrality target\u2014Which flexible power source is the best option for China?","volume":"285","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2022.119340","article-title":"Improving combustion and lowering NO emissions of an industrial coal swirl burner by optimizing its nozzle structure","volume":"218","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. 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