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This study introduces a multimodal fatigue detection system integrating surface electromyography (sEMG) and inertial measurement unit (IMU) signals, processed through a hybrid convolutional neural network\u2013long short-term memory\u2013attention (CNN-LSTM-Attention) model. Fatigue was induced in 35 healthy participants via step-up-and-down exercises, with gait data collected during natural walking before and after fatigue. The model leverages sEMG from the gastrocnemius lateralis and IMU-derived jerk signals from the tibialis anterior and rectus femoris to classify fatigue states. Evaluated using leave-one-subject-out cross-validation (LOSOCV), the system achieved an accuracy of 87.94% with bilateral EMG signals and a balanced recall of 87.94% for fatigued states using a combined IMU-EMG approach. These results highlight the system\u2019s robustness for personalized fatigue monitoring, surpassing traditional subject-dependent methods by addressing inter-individual differences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25113309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]],"date-time":"2025-05-25T20:26:50Z","timestamp":1748204810000},"page":"3309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["A Multimodal Fatigue Detection System Using sEMG and IMU Signals with a Hybrid CNN-LSTM-Attention Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4618-1957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soree","family":"Hwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bionics Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0911-4405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nayeon","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bionics Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongwon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bionics Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jongman","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bionics Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bionics Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inchan","family":"Youn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bionics Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyuk-June","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bionics Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joon-Kyung","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2762-668X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sungmin","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bionics Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/00224065.2019.1640097","article-title":"Monitoring worker fatigue using wearable devices: A case study to detect changes in gait parameters","volume":"53","author":"Baghdadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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