{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T13:56:17Z","timestamp":1789480577397,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The human voice is an important medium of communication and expression of feelings or thoughts. Disruption in the regulatory systems of the human voice can be analyzed and used as a diagnostic tool, labeling voice as a potential \u201cbiomarker\u201d. Conversational artificial intelligence is at the core of voice-powered technologies, enabling intelligent interactions between machines. Due to its richness and availability, voice can be leveraged for predictive analytics and enhanced healthcare insights. Utilizing this idea, we reviewed artificial intelligence (AI) models that have executed vocal analysis and their outcomes. Recordings undergo extraction of useful vocal features to be analyzed by neural networks and machine learning models. Studies reveal machine learning models to be superior to spectral analysis in dynamically combining the huge amount of data of vocal features. Clinical applications of a vocal biomarker exist in neurological diseases such as Parkinson\u2019s, Alzheimer\u2019s, psychological disorders, DM, CHF, CAD, aspiration, GERD, and pulmonary diseases, including COVID-19. The primary ethical challenge when incorporating voice as a diagnostic tool is that of privacy and security. To eliminate this, encryption methods exist to convert patient-identifiable vocal data into a more secure, private nature. Advancements in AI have expanded the capabilities and future potential of voice as a digital health solution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25113424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T09:47:34Z","timestamp":1748512054000},"page":"3424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Human Voice as a Digital Health Solution Leveraging Artificial Intelligence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Pratyusha","family":"Muddaloor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Lower Bucks Hospital, Bristol, PA 19007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8267-1523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhavana","family":"Baraskar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Mary Washington Healthcare, Fredericksburg, VA 22401, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3031-3054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hriday","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, St. Marys General Hospital & Saint Clare\u2019s Health, Denville, NJ 07834, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keerthy","family":"Gopalakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, The Wright Center, Scranton, PA 18505, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Divyanshi","family":"Sood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UC Health Parkview Medical Center, Pueblo, CO 81003, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prem C.","family":"Pasupuleti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Amity University, Noida 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akshay","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computing, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dipankar","family":"Mitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science & Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0512-2600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumedh S.","family":"Hoskote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6441-9319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivek N.","family":"Iyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7590-2293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott A.","family":"Helgeson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"},{"name":"Digital Engineering & Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (DEAL), Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"},{"name":"Microwave Engineering and Imaging Laboratory (MEIL), Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3251-5415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shivaram P.","family":"Arunachalam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"},{"name":"Digital Engineering & Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (DEAL), Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"},{"name":"Microwave Engineering and Imaging Laboratory (MEIL), Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1159\/000515346","article-title":"Voice for Health: The Use of Vocal Biomarkers from Research to Clinical Practice","volume":"5","author":"Fagherazzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Digit. 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