{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:55:05Z","timestamp":1792806905835,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea Government (MSIT and MOE)","award":["NRF-2020R1A2C1014918"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1A2C1014918"]}]},{"name":"Korea Government (MSIT and MOE)","award":["NRF-2021R1A6A1A03039503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1A6A1A03039503"]}]},{"name":"Korea Government (MSIT and MOE)","award":["NRF-2022R1A6C101B794"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1A6C101B794"]}]},{"name":"Korea Government (MSIT and MOE)","award":["NSTC-113-2113-M-027-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC-113-2113-M-027-003"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["NRF-2020R1A2C1014918"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1A2C1014918"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["NRF-2021R1A6A1A03039503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1A6A1A03039503"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["NRF-2022R1A6C101B794"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1A6C101B794"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["NSTC-113-2113-M-027-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC-113-2113-M-027-003"]}]},{"name":"Soonchunhyang University","award":["NRF-2020R1A2C1014918"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1A2C1014918"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03qjsrb10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Soonchunhyang University","award":["NRF-2021R1A6A1A03039503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1A6A1A03039503"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03qjsrb10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Soonchunhyang University","award":["NRF-2022R1A6C101B794"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1A6C101B794"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03qjsrb10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Soonchunhyang University","award":["NSTC-113-2113-M-027-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC-113-2113-M-027-003"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03qjsrb10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Promethazine hydrochloride (PMH) is a first-generation antipsychotic drug created from phenothiazine derivatives that is widely employed to treat psychiatric disorders in human healthcare systems. However, an overdose or long-term intake of PMH can lead to severe health issues in humans. Hence, establishing a sensitive, accurate, and efficient detection approach to detect PMH in human samples is imperative. In this study, we designed orthorhombic copper molybdate microspheres decorated on reduced graphene oxide (Cu3Mo2O9\/RGO) composite via the effective one-pot hydrothermal method. The structural and morphological features of the designed hybrid were studied using various spectroscopic methods. Subsequently, the electrochemical activity of the composite-modified screen-printed carbon electrode (Cu3Mo2O9\/RGO\/SPCE) was assessed by employing voltammetric methods for PMH sensing. Owing to the uniform composition and structural benefits, the combination of Cu3Mo2O9 and RGO has not only improved electrochemical properties but also enhanced the electron transport between PMH and Cu3Mo2O9\/RGO. As a result, the Cu3Mo2O9\/RGO\/SPCE exhibited a broad linear range of 0.4\u2013420.8 \u00b5M with a low limit of detection (LoD) of 0.015 \u00b5M, highlighting excellent electrocatalytic performance to PMH. It also demonstrated good cyclic stability, reproducibility, and selectivity in the presence of chlorpromazine and biological and metal compounds. Furthermore, the Cu3Mo2O9\/RGO\/SPCE sensor displayed satisfactory recoveries for real-time monitoring of PMH in human urine and serum samples. This study delivers a promising electrochemical sensor for the efficient analysis of antipsychotic drug molecules.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25113569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T11:04:06Z","timestamp":1749121446000},"page":"3569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["A Sensitive and Selective Sensor Based on Orthorhombic Copper Molybdate Decorated on Reduced Graphene Oxide for the Detection of Promethazine Hydrochloride"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6867-6432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Venkatachalam","family":"Vinothkumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3835-8919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yellatur Chandra","family":"Sekhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0132-9161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shen-Ming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3763-4870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natesan","family":"Manjula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0154-518X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tae Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2023.341395","article-title":"A highly selective and sensitive sensor for promethazine based on molecularly imprinted interface coated Au\/Sn bimetal nanoclusters functionalized acupuncture needle microelectrode","volume":"1269","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. 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