{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:16:38Z","timestamp":1789103798306,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Israeli Innovation Authority","award":["82498"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82498"]}]},{"name":"Israeli Innovation Authority","award":["82499"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82499"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invasive method for monitoring brain activity by detecting hemodynamic changes. Studies have shown that it can identify ictal and pre-ictal hemodynamic variations, supporting its potential use as a complement to electroencephalography (EEG) in epilepsy monitoring. This study explores an expanded illumination and detection approach utilizing wide-based optodes and increased emitter\u2013detector separation (EDS) to enhance fNIRS sensitivity to cortical hemodynamic changes while minimizing scalp contamination. A Monte Carlo simulation was designed to assess signal amplitude and sensitivity of fNIRS with varying emitter and detector diameters (1\u201315 mm) and EDS (30\u201350 mm). Signal strength, grey matter to scalp path ratio (GSPR), and percentage signal change per absorption coefficients (AC) variation were analyzed. Sensitivity to changes in AC of superficial and deep grey matter (SGM, DGM) and scalp was assessed. Increasing emitter and detector diameters substantially increased total detected photon packet weights, enabling practical use at larger EDS. Sensitivity to SGM AC changes tripled at 50 mm EDS, while GSPR increased by 80%, indicating reduced signal contamination from the scalp. Sensitivity to deep cortical hemodynamic changes also improved. Therefore, wide-based fNIRS optodes with increased EDS can enhance seizure-related hemodynamic detection, potentially improving epilepsy diagnostics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25123627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T03:54:18Z","timestamp":1749527658000},"page":"3627","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Wide-Based Illumination and Detection in Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Enhanced Seizure Detection in Grey Matter"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Netaniel","family":"Rein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel"},{"name":"Neuro Electro Light Center (NELC)\u2014The Joint Research Center of Hadassah Medical Organization and Holon Institute of Technology, Kalman Yaakov Man 2, Jerusalem P.O. Box 12000, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Revital","family":"Shechter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro Electro Light Center (NELC)\u2014The Joint Research Center of Hadassah Medical Organization and Holon Institute of Technology, Kalman Yaakov Man 2, Jerusalem P.O. Box 12000, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Holon Institute of Technology, Holon 5810201, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgeny","family":"Tsizin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel"},{"name":"Neuro Electro Light Center (NELC)\u2014The Joint Research Center of Hadassah Medical Organization and Holon Institute of Technology, Kalman Yaakov Man 2, Jerusalem P.O. Box 12000, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mordekhay","family":"Medvedovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel"},{"name":"Neuro Electro Light Center (NELC)\u2014The Joint Research Center of Hadassah Medical Organization and Holon Institute of Technology, Kalman Yaakov Man 2, Jerusalem P.O. Box 12000, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3066-1622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Balberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro Electro Light Center (NELC)\u2014The Joint Research Center of Hadassah Medical Organization and Holon Institute of Technology, Kalman Yaakov Man 2, Jerusalem P.O. 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