{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T06:22:21Z","timestamp":1789194141313,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018956","name":"NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR203312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR203312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018956","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018956","name":"NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BRC-1215-20014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BRC-1215-20014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018956","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018956","name":"NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P\/W017091\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P\/W017091\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018956","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018956","name":"NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EF2020\\100099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EF2020\\100099"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018956","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018956","name":"NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F112"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018956","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NIHR","award":["NIHR203312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR203312"]}]},{"name":"NIHR","award":["BRC-1215-20014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BRC-1215-20014"]}]},{"name":"NIHR","award":["P\/W017091\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P\/W017091\/1"]}]},{"name":"NIHR","award":["EF2020\\100099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EF2020\\100099"]}]},{"name":"NIHR","award":["F112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F112"]}]},{"name":"M\u00e9ni\u00e8re\u2019s Society","award":["NIHR203312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR203312"]}]},{"name":"M\u00e9ni\u00e8re\u2019s Society","award":["BRC-1215-20014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BRC-1215-20014"]}]},{"name":"M\u00e9ni\u00e8re\u2019s Society","award":["P\/W017091\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P\/W017091\/1"]}]},{"name":"M\u00e9ni\u00e8re\u2019s Society","award":["EF2020\\100099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EF2020\\100099"]}]},{"name":"M\u00e9ni\u00e8re\u2019s Society","award":["F112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F112"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Sensors CDT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR203312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR203312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Sensors CDT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BRC-1215-20014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BRC-1215-20014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Sensors CDT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P\/W017091\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P\/W017091\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Sensors CDT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EF2020\\100099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EF2020\\100099"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Sensors CDT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F112"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000833","name":"Rosetrees Trust Enterprise Fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR203312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR203312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000833","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000833","name":"Rosetrees Trust Enterprise Fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BRC-1215-20014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BRC-1215-20014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000833","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000833","name":"Rosetrees Trust Enterprise Fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P\/W017091\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P\/W017091\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000833","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000833","name":"Rosetrees Trust Enterprise Fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EF2020\\100099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EF2020\\100099"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000833","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000833","name":"Rosetrees Trust Enterprise Fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F112"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000833","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000703","name":"RNID Flexigrant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR203312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR203312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000703","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000703","name":"RNID Flexigrant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BRC-1215-20014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BRC-1215-20014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000703","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000703","name":"RNID Flexigrant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P\/W017091\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P\/W017091\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000703","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000703","name":"RNID Flexigrant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EF2020\\100099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EF2020\\100099"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000703","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000703","name":"RNID Flexigrant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F112"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000703","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Evelyn Trust","award":["NIHR203312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR203312"]}]},{"name":"Evelyn Trust","award":["BRC-1215-20014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BRC-1215-20014"]}]},{"name":"Evelyn Trust","award":["P\/W017091\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P\/W017091\/1"]}]},{"name":"Evelyn Trust","award":["EF2020\\100099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EF2020\\100099"]}]},{"name":"Evelyn Trust","award":["F112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F112"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Complex walking tasks such as turning or walking with head movements are frequently used to assess dysfunction in an individual\u2019s vestibular, nervous and musculoskeletal systems. Compared to other methods, wearable inertial measurement units (IMUs) allow quantitative analysis of these tasks in less restricted settings, allowing for a more scalable clinical measurement tool with better ecological validity. This study investigates the use of ear-worn IMUs to identify gait events during complex walking tasks, having collected data on 68 participants with a diverse range of ages and movement-related conditions. The performance of an existing gait event detection algorithm was compared with a new one designed to be more robust to lateral head movements. Our analysis suggests that while both algorithms achieve high initial contact sensitivity across all walking tasks, our new algorithm attains higher terminal contact sensitivity for turning and walking with horizontal head turns, resulting in more accurate estimates of stance and swing times. This provides scope to enable more detailed assessment of complex walking tasks during clinical testing and in daily life settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25123629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T03:54:18Z","timestamp":1749527658000},"page":"3629","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Detection of Gait Events Using Ear-Worn IMUs During Functional Movement Tasks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1145-4679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terry","family":"Fawden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0826-4142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwan Vaughan","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3853-8939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Goldin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yash","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8711-7505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry","family":"Dunne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"},{"name":"Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8915-3550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8050-3617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manohar","family":"Bance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"},{"name":"Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/84.10.906","article-title":"Reliability, internal consistency, and validity of data obtained with the functional gait assessment","volume":"84","author":"Wrisley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2021.1988849","article-title":"Wearable inertial sensors for human movement analysis: A five-year update","volume":"18","author":"Picerno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Med. Devices"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saraf, A., Moon, S., and Madotto, A. (2023, January 4\u201310). A survey of datasets, applications, and models for IMU sensor signals. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing Workshops (ICASSPW), Rhodes Island, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSPW59220.2023.10193365"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-021-00514-4","article-title":"A systematic review of smartphone-based human activity recognition methods for health research","volume":"4","author":"Straczkiewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vienne, A., Barrois, R.P., Buffat, S., Ricard, D., and Vidal, P.P. (2017). Inertial sensors to assess gait quality in patients with neurological disorders: A systematic review of technical and analytical challenges. Front. Psychol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00817"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evenson, K.R., Scherer, E., Peter, K.M., Cuthbertson, C.C., and Eckman, S. (2022). Historical development of accelerometry measures and methods for physical activity and sedentary behavior research worldwide: A scoping review of observational studies of adults. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0276890"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-021-00828-0","article-title":"Validation of IMU-based gait event detection during curved walking and turning in older adults and Parkinson\u2019s Disease patients","volume":"18","author":"Romijnders","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18800","DOI":"10.3390\/s141018800","article-title":"Toward Real-Time Automated Detection of Turns during Gait Using Wearable Inertial Measurement Units","volume":"14","author":"Novak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kvist, A., Tinmark, F., Bezuidenhout, L., Reimeringer, M., Conradsson, D.M., and Franz\u00e9n, E. (2024). Validation of algorithms for calculating spatiotemporal gait parameters during continuous turning using lumbar and foot mounted inertial measurement units. J. Biomech., 162.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2023.111907"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(02)00190-X","article-title":"Assessment of spatio-temporal gait parameters from trunk accelerations during human walking","volume":"18","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niswander, W., and Kontson, K. (2021). Evaluating the Impact of IMU Sensor Location and Walking Task on Accuracy of Gait Event Detection Algorithms. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21123989"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2011.2160540","article-title":"Sensor positioning for activity recognition using wearable accelerometers","volume":"5","author":"Atallah","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36696","DOI":"10.2196\/36696","article-title":"Health-Related Indicators Measured Using Earable Devices: Systematic Review","volume":"10","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2021.2014321","article-title":"Hearables, in-ear sensing devices for bio-signal acquisition: A narrative review","volume":"18","author":"Ne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Med. Devices"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"135","article-title":"Sensing with earables: A systematic literature review and taxonomy of phenomena","volume":"6","author":"Clarke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(02)00159-5","article-title":"Acceleration patterns of the head and pelvis when walking on level and irregular surfaces","volume":"18","author":"Menz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2003.10.004","article-title":"Upper body accelerations during walking in healthy young and elderly men","volume":"20","author":"Kavanagh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prakash, J., Yang, Z., Wei, Y.L., and Choudhury, R.R. (2019, January 9\u201310). Stear: Robust step counting from earables. Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Earable Computing, London, UK.","DOI":"10.1145\/3345615.3361133"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2014.2299772","article-title":"Gait parameter estimation from a miniaturized ear-worn sensor using singular spectrum analysis and longest common subsequence","volume":"61","author":"Jarchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seifer, A.-K., Dorschky, E., K\u00fcderle, A., Moradi, H., Hannemann, R., and Eskofier, B.M. (2023). EarGait: Estimation of Temporal Gait Parameters from Hearing Aid Integrated Inertial Sensors. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23146565"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05NT01","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/ab87b5","article-title":"A novel gait parameter estimation method for healthy adults and postoperative patients with an ear-worn sensor","volume":"41","author":"Diao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Z., and Guo, Y. (2024, January 5\u20139). GCCRR: A Short Sequence Gait Cycle Segmentation Method Based on Ear-Worn IMU. Proceedings of the Companion of the 2024 on ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing, Melbourne, Australia.","DOI":"10.1145\/3675094.3680520"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Decker, J., Boborzi, L., Schniepp, R., Jahn, K., and Wuehr, M. (2024). Mobile Spatiotemporal Gait Segmentation Using an Ear-Worn Motion Sensor and Deep Learning. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202408.1616.v1"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, C.K., Kim, J., and Rhim, H.C. (2023). Validation of an Ear-Worn Wearable Gait Analysis Device. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031244"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2018.2843289","article-title":"Real-time gait analysis using a single head-worn inertial measurement unit","volume":"64","author":"Hwang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Andel, S., Schmidt, A.R., and Federolf, P.A. (2023). Distinct coordination patterns integrate exploratory head movements with whole-body movement patterns during walking. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26848-x"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belluscio, V., Bergamini, E., Tramontano, M., Formisano, R., Buzzi, M.G., and Vannozzi, G. (2020). Does Curved Walking Sharpen the Assessment of Gait Disorders? An Instrumented Approach Based on Wearable Inertial Sensors. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185244"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khobkhun, F., Hollands, M., and Richards, J. (2021). The effect of different turn speeds on whole-body coordination in younger and older healthy adults. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21082827"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonci, T., Salis, F., Scott, K., Alcock, L., Becker, C., Bertuletti, S., Buckley, E., Caruso, M., Cereatti, A., and Del Din, S. (2022). An algorithm for accurate marker-based gait event detection in healthy and pathological populations during complex motor tasks. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.868928"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2025, June 06). Open Source Sensor Fusion. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/memsindustrygroup\/Open-Source-Sensor-Fusion\/tree\/master\/docs."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02736.x","article-title":"Human walking along a curved path. I. Body trajectory, segment orientation and the effect of vision","volume":"18","author":"Courtine","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Hassani, H. (2025, June 06). A Brief Introduction to Singular Spectrum Analysis. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/267723014_A_Brief_Introduction_to_Singular_Spectrum_Analysis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golyandina, N., Nekrutkin, V., and Zhigljavsky, A.A. (2001). Analysis of Time Series Structure: SSA and Related Techniques, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420035841"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pham, M.H., Elshehabi, M., Haertner, L., Del Din, S., Srulijes, K., Heger, T., Synofzik, M., Hobert, M.A., Faber, G.S., and Hansen, C. (2017). Validation of a step detection algorithm during straight walking and turning in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and older adults using an inertial measurement unit at the lower back. Front. Neurol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00457"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2007.04.010","article-title":"The association between impaired turning and normal straight walking in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"Crenna","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"2616","article-title":"Real-time identification of gait events in impaired subjects using a single-IMU foot-mounted device","volume":"20","author":"Siqueira","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.05.006","article-title":"Gait events during turning can be detected using kinematic features originally proposed for the analysis of straight-line walking","volume":"91","author":"Ulrich","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/anzs.12027","article-title":"A note on window length selection in singular spectrum analysis","volume":"55","author":"Poskitt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Stat."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alessandrini, M., Biagetti, G., Crippa, P., Falaschetti, L., Manoni, L., and Turchetti, C. (2021). Singular Value Decomposition in Embedded Systems Based on ARM Cortex-M Architecture. Electronics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10010034"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hellec, J., Chorin, F., Castagnetti, A., and Colson, S.S. (2020). Sit-To-Stand movement evaluated using an inertial measurement unit embedded in smart glasses\u2014A validation study. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185019"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/12\/3629\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:49:02Z","timestamp":1760032142000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/25\/12\/3629"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s25123629"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s25123629","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]}}}